{"id":29821,"date":"2023-02-26T12:59:19","date_gmt":"2023-02-26T12:59:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/holypython.com\/?p=29821"},"modified":"2023-02-26T14:45:29","modified_gmt":"2023-02-26T14:45:29","slug":"intermediate-level-python-tips-tricks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/holypython.com\/intermediate-level-python-tips-tricks\/","title":{"rendered":"Intermediate Level Python Tips & Tricks"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Python Tips & Tricks (Part II)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Intermediate Level<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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HolyPython.com<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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The list continues with slightly more complex Python concepts, tips and tricks.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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36) A beautiful counter: (itertools \/ count<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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count method from itertools is kind of a smart counter which will automatically update itself inside the same kernel.<\/p>

Check out how it counts in this mini example:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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from itertools import count\r\n\r\nindex = count()\r\nprint(next(index))\r\nprint(next(index))\r\nprint(next(index))\r\nprint(next(index))\r\nprint(next(index))\r\nprint(next(index))<\/code><\/pre>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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5<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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You can also put it inside a loop like this:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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from itertools import count\r\n\r\nc = count()\r\n\r\nfor i in range(20):\r\n    print(next(c), end=\"|\")<\/code><\/pre>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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37) A different kind of counter: (collections \/ counter<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Counter<\/b> method from Collections<\/b> library will count inside your data structures in a sophisticated approach. It will return a dictionary of the results.<\/p>
It’s probably the one liner approach as far as counters go.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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from collections import Counter\r\n\r\ncounter = Counter(['red', 'red', 'red', 'blue', 'yellow'])\r\nprint(counter)<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Counter({'red': 3, 'blue': 1, 'yellow': 1})<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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There is more to collections’ counter.<\/p>
If you pass values as a parameter it will actually form the dictionary for you. You can even construct lists from the counter in a smart way.<\/p>
Check out this example:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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from collections import Counter\r\n\r\ncounter = Counter(red=1, blue=3, yellow=2)\r\nprint(counter)\r\nprint(list(counter))\r\nprint(dict(counter))<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Counter({'blue': 3, 'yellow': 2, 'red': 1})
['red', 'blue', 'yellow']
{'red': 1, 'blue': 3, 'yellow': 2}<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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38) Extracting nested data: (itertools<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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You can also flatten nested data using chain<\/strong> method from itertools<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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import itertools\r\n\r\na = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6]]\r\nfor i in (itertools.chain.from_iterable(a)):\r\n    print(i)\r\n    \r\nprint(list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(a)))<\/code><\/pre>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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39) Unpacking: (star notation method<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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You can unpack collections with 1 star notation: *<\/strong><\/p>
You can unpack named collections with 2 star notation:\u00a0**<\/strong><\/p>
So, if a function takes iterables as argument then you can pass iterables with star notation to such functions.<\/p>
Here are some examples:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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a = [1,1,1,2,3,75,4,5,6]\r\n\r\nprint(max(*a))<\/code><\/pre>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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75<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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import itertools\r\n\r\ndef lister(*x):\r\n    for i in x:\r\n        print(i, end=\"|\")\r\n\r\na = [1,1,1,2,3,75,4,5,6]\r\nlister(*a)<\/code><\/pre>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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1|1|1|2|3|75|4|5|6|<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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40) For loop + else: (for else<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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For else construction confuses even the most seasoned Python programmers sometimes. But it’s actually not that complicated at all.<\/p>
Else clause is executed after for loop completes. It can be difficult to know if the loop successfully completed especially if there is a break statement<\/a> in the loop. Else statement here assures us that loop ran successfully throughout.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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for i in range(5):\r\n    print(i)\r\nelse:\r\n    print(\"yes\")<\/code><\/pre>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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So it seems redundant hence the confusion but see it this way. What if there was a break statement in the loop:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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for i in range(5):\r\n    print(i)\r\n    if i == 2:\r\n        break\r\nelse:\r\n    print(\"yes\")<\/code><\/pre>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Else clause in For Else structures are completion clauses. They are confused heavily because they resemble if \/ else structures where else triggers a conditional behavior rather than a completion behavior. This could probably be avoided with a slight twist like calling it else finish<\/strong> or something, but alright. Let’s love Python with its tiny imperfection and not forget the insane benefits it brings to the table. \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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41) Swapping Dictionary Key & Values: (zip method<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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So, how hard is reversing values and keys in a dictionary? Not hard at all, not in Python at least.<\/p>
Here\u00a0 are some really sleek ways to manipulate Python dictionaries that makes one fall in love with Python once again.<\/p>
Here is an example:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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a = {1:11, 2:22, 3:33}\r\n\r\nb = zip(a.values(), a.keys())\r\nc = dict(b)\r\n\r\nprint(c)<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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{11: 1, 22: 2, 33: 3}<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Here it is in a shortened version:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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a = {1:11, 2:22, 3:33}\r\nb = dict(zip(a.values(), a.keys()))\r\n\r\nprint(c)<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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{11: 1, 22: 2, 33: 3}<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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42) Swapping Dictionary Key & Values: (dict comprehension method<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Dictionary Comprehension is a great way to achieve some dictionary operations, here is a great example:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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a = {1:11, 2:22, 3:33}\r\n\r\nb = (a.items())\r\nc = {i:j for j,i in b}\r\n\r\nprint(c)<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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{11: 1, 22: 2, 33: 3}<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Or the same thing in a shorter way:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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a = {1:11, 2:22, 3:33}\r\n\r\nb = {i:j for j,i in a.items()}\r\n\r\nprint(c)<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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{11: 1, 22: 2, 33: 3}<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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43) Conditional Statements: (One-Liner<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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One liners are a sweet aspect of Python and can be applied to many concepts.<\/p>
(Also known as ternary operator or casually if-else statement)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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a=10\r\n\r\nc = True if a**2 > 100 else False\r\nprint(c)<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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False<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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44) Lambda: (One-Liner<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Lambda is like a user-defined one line mini function. When you have a function that’s not too complicated and that can be done as a lambda it just makes it much more convenient to type it in 1 simple line. Makes you realize how much Python is practicality oriented.<\/p>
Lambda syntax can take some getting used to but we have great interactive lambda exercises<\/a> to help you get moving.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Lambda is very useful for defining mini functions in 1 line:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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a = lambda x: x**2\nprint(a(5))<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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25<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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45) Returning multiple values: (return statement<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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You can have a python function return multiple values.<\/p>
(Not to be confused with multiple return statements which is not possible as return statement terminates a function in Python.)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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def loc_id(city, county, state):\r\n    return city, county, state\r\n\r\na = loc_id(\"LA\", \"OC\", \"FL\")\r\n\r\nprint(a)<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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(\"LA\", \"OC\", \"FL\")<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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46) Function return assignments: (One-Liner<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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One liners are huge in Python, which makes the syntax so attractive and practical sometimes. You can also assign values to multiple variables in one line:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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def loc_id(city, county, state):\r\n    return city, county, state\r\n\r\na,b,c = loc_id(\"LA\", \"OC\", \"FL\")\r\n\r\nprint(a)<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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LA<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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47) Anagram Checker: (sorted function<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA simple way to approach this is to use Python’s sorted<\/strong> function.\n\nIf 2 words are anagrams they should be the same when both are sorted alphabetically.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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def anagram_checker(str1, str2):\r\n    return sorted(str1) == sorted(str2)\r\n\r\nprint(anagram_checker('vases', 'saves'))\r\nprint(anagram_checker('cola', 'coal'))\r\nprint(anagram_checker('cake', 'take'))<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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True
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48) Anagram Checker: (Counter<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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We just saw counter<\/b> method. Here is a creative application of it. Counter method of collections library can also be ideal for this task.<\/p>
What collections.counter does is, it will return a subclass of dict object which has each element as a key and their counts as the value.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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from collections import Counter \r\ndef anagram_checker(str1, str2): \r\n    return Counter(str1) == Counter(str2)\r\n\r\nprint(anagram_checker('senator', 'treason'))\r\nprint(anagram_checker('section', 'notice'))\r\nprint(anagram_checker('relation', 'oriental'))<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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True
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True<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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49) Enumerate: (Enumerated Iterables<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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When you need to add counters to an iterable, enumerate is usually the most elegant approach. It will return the iterable (say list, tuple, range, string or dictionary etc.) with the counters and returned object will be an enumerate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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str=\"Whatsup\"\r\nl=enumerate(str)\r\nprint(list(l))<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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[(0, 'W'), (1, 'h'), (2, 'a'), (3, 't'), (4, 's'), (5, 'u'), (6, 'p')]<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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You can also tell enumerate what number to start from:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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str=[\"sun\", \"moon\", \"mars\", \"venus\"]\r\nl=enumerate(str,100)\r\nprint(list(l))<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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[(100, 'sun'), (101, 'moon'), (102, 'mars'), (103, 'venus')]<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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50) Most Frequent Value: (max and set<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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You can find most frequent elements in a list with this short application:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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lst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4, 4, 4]\nprint(max(set(lst), key = lst.count))\n<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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4<\/pre>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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51) Advanced Python function parameters: (Lambda, Comprehension, Conditionals)<\/i><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Python is a power house with endless capabilities and twists. Here is more one-liner approach for you.<\/p>
Instead of this:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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result = 0\nfor i in range(10):\n    if i % 2 == 0:\n        result += i\nprint(result)\n<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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You can do this:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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sum(i for i in range(10) if i % 2 == 0)\n<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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52) Creating Copies: (list copy method & dict copy method<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Next trio is for copying operations. Copying can be tedious. It can cause conflicts or confusion. It’s also extremely useful and something we do day in day out. Nevertheless it can be important to know some of the intricacies. Let’s start simply with the copy method:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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lst1 = [\"yellow\", \"gray\", \"brown\"]\nlst2 = lst1.copy()\n\ndict1 = {'Fruit': 'Melon', 'Dessert': \"Ice cream\"};\ndict2 = dict1.copy()\n<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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53) Creating Copies: (Slicing<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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You can also use slicing to create copies. You may wonder why do I even have to slice it while I can just assign the whole variable. This would create identical objects in the memory which will create problems such as changing one object can change the other one etc.<\/p>
Identical objects are checked by (is – is not)<\/strong> operators.<\/p>
Thankfully Python slice notions are super cool:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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lst1 = [\"yellow\", \"gray\", \"brown\"]\nlst2 = lst1[:]\n<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Please note that immutable objects such as string and tuples don’t have copy methods since they will always refer to the same memory ID as long as 2 strings or 2 tuples have the same exact values.<\/p>
However, copy methods create a copy by reference which means copy points to the original.<\/p>
If you’d like to create a completely different copy by creating new values in the memory this can be achieved by the next trick: deepcopy<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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54) Copy Library: (Deepcopy<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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We have seen ways to create shallow copies now let’s see a way to create a deep copy:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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import copy\n\nlst1 = [\"yellow\", \"gray\", \"brown\"]\nlst2 = copy.deepcopy(lst1)\n\n<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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55) Swap Values: (One-Liner<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Python has the most straightforward approach to swapping values out there.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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a=10\r\nb=20\r\na,b = b,a<\/code><\/pre>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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56) Encoding: (utf-8<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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29- encoding=’utf8′<\/p>
Sometimes after opening a text file in Python you’ll get an error like:\u00a0<\/p>
UnicodeDecodeError: ‘charmap’ codec can’t decode<\/p>
That’s because decoding of the data defaults to system defaults and it can fail if you don’t specify the code when reading the file; just add the correct codec with encoding argument (usually utf8):<\/p>
open(filename, encoding=’utf8′)<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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57) Ascii Conversions: (ord<\/i>)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Ascii is a primitive (today) encoding standard that was dominantly popular through 60s 70s and 80s.<\/p>
Before Ascii there was 6 bit encoding systems which is 2^6 (64 characters) and Ascii came as an expansion revision with 7 bit code enabling mapping of 2^7 (128 characters). It was always 1byte which is 8bit but the values from 128 to 256 weren’t defined initially.<\/p>
Today, Ascii usually means 8bit which equals 2^8 (256) characters mapped. 8 bit also equals 1 byte and Ascii is a 1 byte or single byte encoding system.<\/p>
So, after the background story here is what ord will do.\u00a0<\/p>