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	Title = {Retrieval interference and sentence interpretation.
}}

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{E}vidence for experience-based theories},
	Year = {2017},
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  OPTdoi={10.1111/cogs.12551}}


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@article{parker2017reflexive,
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@article{nicenboimexploratory,
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  pages = {1075-1100},
  title = {Exploratory and confirmatory analyses in sentence processing: {A case study of number interference in German}},
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}

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	Editor = {A. H. Black and W. F. Prokasy},
	Keywords = {classical conditioning},
	Pages = {64--99},
	Publisher = {Appleton-Century-Crofts},
	Title = {A theory of {P}avlovian conditioning: {V}ariations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {1972}}


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  year={2001}
}

@article{boston2011,
author={Boston, Marisa  and Hale, John and Vasishth, Shravan and Kliegl, Reinhold},
title={Parallel processing and sentence comprehension difficulty},
journal={Language and Cognitive Processes},
volume={26},
number={3},
pages={301--349},
year={2011}
}


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	Title = {Modern Applied Statistics with {S-PLUS}},
	Year = {2002}}


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  year={2015}
}


@article{OberauerLewandowsky2014,
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volume = "73",
number = "1",
pages = "15 - 30",
year = "2014",
author = "Klaus Oberauer and Stephan Lewandowsky",
}

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}


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@article{berkey1995random,
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@book{powerbookcohen,
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 title = {{Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences}},
 year = 1988
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@article{frazierrayner82,
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	Title = {Making and correcting errors during sentence     comprehension: {E}ye movements in the analysis of     structurally ambiguous sentences},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {1982}}


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@article{rp,
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@article{van2012memory,
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  pages={193--211},
  year={2012},
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}

@phdthesis{Nicol1988,
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	Author = {Nicol, Janet},
	School = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	Title = {Coreference processing during sentence comprehension},
	Type={PhD thesis},
	Year = {1988}}


@article{Ratcliff1978,
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@article{gibsonwu,
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  author={Gibson, Edward and Wu, H-H Iris},
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  year={2013},
  publisher={Taylor \& Francis}
}


@article{hsiao03,
	Author = {Fanny Hsiao and Edward Gibson},
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	Title = {Processing relative clauses in {C}hinese},
	Volume = {90},
	Year = {2003}}

@inproceedings{haleearley01,
	Address = {Pittsburgh, PA},
	Author = {John T. Hale},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd {M}eeting of the {N}orth {A}merican {C}hapter of the {A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics},
	Pages = {159--166},
	Publisher = {{A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics},
	Title = {A Probabilistic {E}arley Parser as a Psycholinguistic Model},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{pickering2007people,
	Author = {Pickering, Martin J. and Garrod, Simon},
	Journal = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {105--110},
	Title = {Do people use language production to make predictions during comprehension?},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{levy08,
	Author = {Roger Levy},
	Issue = {3},
	Journal = {Cognition},
	Pages = {1126--1177},
	Title = {Expectation-based syntactic comprehension},
	Volume = {106},
	Year = {2008}}

@inproceedings{kwong2003categorial,
	Address = {Budapest, Hungary},
	Author = {Kwong, Oi Yee and Tsou, Benjamin K},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th {C}onference of the {E}uropean {C}hapter of the {A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics},
	Editor = {Copestake, A. and Hajic, J.},
	Pages = {115--118},
	Publisher = {{A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics},
	Title = {Categorial fluidity in {C}hinese and its implications for part-of-speech tagging},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{VasishthetalPLoSOne2013,
	Author = {Shravan Vasishth and Zhong Chen and Qiang Li and Gueilan Guo},
	Journal = {PLoS One},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {e77006},
	Title = {Processing {C}hinese Relative Clauses: {E}vidence for the subject-relative advantage},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2013}}

@inproceedings{chenwccfl12,
	Address = {Somerville, MA},
	Author = {Zhong Chen and Kyle Grove and John T. Hale},
	Booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 29th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics}},
	Editor = {Jaehoon Choi and E. Alan Hogue and Jeffrey Punske and Deniz Tat and Jessamyn Schertz and Alex Trueman},
	Pages = {29--37},
	Publisher = {Cascadilla Press},
	Title = {Structural expectations in {C}hinese relative clause comprehension},
	Year = {2012}}

@article{staub2010eye,
	Author = {Staub, A.},
	Journal = {Cognition},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {71--86},
	Title = {Eye movements and processing difficulty in object relative clauses},
	Volume = {116},
	Year = {2010}}

@manual{BatesMaechlerBolkerWalker,
	Author = {Douglas M. Bates and Martin Maechler and Ben Bolker and Steven Walker},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-31 15:02:50 +0000},
	Note = {R package version 1.0-6},
	Title = {{lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4}},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4}}

@article{BoxCox,
	Author = {Box, G. E. P. and Cox, D. R.},
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	Title = {An analysis of transformations},
	Volume = {26},
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@article{levyfedgibsonRussian,
	Author = {Roger Levy and Evelina Fedorenko and Edward Gibson},
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	Title = {The syntactic complexity of {R}ussian relative clauses},
	Volume = {69},
	Year = 2013}

@article{lars00,
	Author = {Lars Konieczny},
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	Number = {6},
	Pages = {627--645},
	Title = {Locality and parsing complexity},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{vasishthlewisLanguage06,
	Author = {Shravan Vasishth and Richard L. Lewis},
	Journal = {Language},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {767--794},
	Title = {Argument-head distance and processing complexity: {E}xplaining both locality and antilocality effects},
	Volume = {82},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{HusainVasishthSrinivasan2014,
	Author = {Husain, Samar and Vasishth, Shravan and Srinivasan, Narayanan},
	Journal = {PLoS ONE},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {e100986},
	Title = {Strong expectations cancel locality effects: {E}vidence from {H}indi},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2014}}

@inproceedings{jaegeretalCUNY08,
	Address = {Chapel Hill, NC},
	Author = {Florian T. Jaeger and Ev Fedorenko and Philip Hofmeister and Edward Gibson},
	Booktitle = {{21th Annual {CUNY} Conference on Human Sentence Processing}},
	Organization = {University of North Carolina},
	Title = {Expectation-based syntactic processing: {A}ntilocality outside of head-final languages},
	Year = {2008}}

@article{VasishthDrenhausDnD,
	Author = {Shravan Vasishth and Heiner Drenhaus},
	Issue = {2},
	Journal = {Dialogue and Discourse},
	Pages = {59--82},
	Title = {Locality in {German}},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{levy2012expectation,
	Author = {Levy, Roger and Keller, Frank},
	Journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
	Pages = {199--222},
	Title = {Expectation and locality effects in {G}erman verb-final structures},
	Volume = {68},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{FrankEtAl2015,
  author = {Stefan L. Frank and Thijs Trompenaars and Shravan Vasishth},
  title = {Cross-linguistic differences in processing double-embedded relative clauses: {W}orking-memory constraints or language statistics?},
  year = {2015},
  pages = {554-578},
  volume = {40},
  doi = {10.1111/cogs.12247},
  abstract = {An English double-embedded relative clause from which the middle verb is omitted can often be processed more easily than its grammatical counterpart, a phenomenon known as the grammaticality illusion. This effect has been found to be reversed in German, suggesting that the illusion is language specific rather than a consequence of universal working memory constraints. We present results from three self-paced reading experiments which show that Dutch native speakers also do not show the grammaticality illusion in Dutch, whereas both German and Dutch native speakers do show the illusion when reading English sentences. These findings provide evidence against working memory constraints as an explanation for the observed effect in English. We propose an alternative account based on the statistical patterns of the languages involved. In support of this alternative, a single recurrent neural network model that is trained on both Dutch and English sentences indeed predicts the cross-linguistic difference in grammaticality effect.},
  journal = {Cognitive Science},
  code = {https://github.com/vasishth/StanJAGSexamples/tree/master/FrankEtAlCogSci2015},
  pdf = {http://stefanfrank.info/pubs/GrammaticalityIllusion.pdf}
}

@article{HanneEtAl2015,
  title={On the nature of the subject-object asymmetry in wh-question comprehension in aphasia: {E}vidence from eye-tracking},
  author={Sandra Hanne and Frank Burchert and Shravan Vasishth},
  journal={Aphasiology},
  year={2015},
  abstract = {{\textit{Background}}: Individuals with aphasia (IWA) show deficits in comprehending object-extracted declaratives while comprehension of subject-extracted structures is relatively preserved. It is a matter of debate whether this subject–object asymmetry also arises for comprehension of wh-questions. Successful comprehension of wh-questions critically entails correct resolution of a filler–gap dependency. Most previous studies have used only offline accuracy measures to investigate wh-question comprehension in aphasia. Online studies exploring syntactic processing in real time are needed in order to draw inferences about gap-filling abilities in IWA and to identify the point of breakdown in sentence comprehension.
Aims: This study aimed at investigating processing of subject and object who-questions in German-speaking IWA and in a group of controls by combining an offline and online method. We further aimed to explore the impact of case-marking cues on processing of wh-questions.
Methods & Procedures: Applying a variant of the visual world eye-tracking paradigm, we measured participants’ eye movements while they performed the same offline task, which is frequently used to assess comprehension of declaratives (sentence–picture matching).
Outcomes & Results: Concerning online processing of who-questions in controls, we found anticipation of the most likely post-verbal theta-role immediately after processing the case-marked wh-pronoun in both subject and object questions. In addition, we observed an unexpected advantage of object over subject questions in terms of processing time. The offline results for IWA revealed that there were three heterogeneous patterns: (a) symmetrical comprehension with equal impairments for both question types, (b) asymmetrical performance with better comprehension of subject than object who-questions, and (c) a reversed asymmetry with better comprehension of object as compared to subject questions. For online processing of both types of who-questions, IWA showed retained abilities in postulating the gap and in associating the filler with this gap, although they were slower as compared to controls. Moreover, similarly to controls, they anticipated the most likely post-verbal theta-role.
Conclusions: For controls, the findings provide evidence for rapid resolution of the filler–gap dependency and incremental processing of case-marking cues, reflected in early prediction of upcoming syntactic structure. We attribute faster processing of object questions to faster alignment of the anticipated element with a semantically more salient character. For IWA, the online data provide evidence for retained predictive abilities in processing of filler–gap dependencies in wh-questions, but prediction was delayed. This is most likely attributed to delayed integration of case-marking cues.},
  pdf = {http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~vasishth/pdfs/Hanne-Burchert-Vasishth-APH-final.pdf}
}


@article{Hanneetal2014,
  title={Sentence comprehension and morphological cues in aphasia: {W}hat eye-tracking reveals about integration and prediction},
  author={Hanne, Sandra and Burchert, Frank and De Bleser, Ria and Vasishth, Shravan},
  journal={Journal of Neurolinguistics},
  volume={34},
  pages={83--111},
  year={2015},
  publisher={Elsevier},
  abstract = {Comprehension of non-canonical sentences can be difficult for individuals with aphasia (IWA). It is still unclear to which extent morphological cues like case-marking or verb inflection may influence IWA’s performance or even help to override deficits in sentence comprehension. Until now, studies have mainly used offline methods to draw inferences about syntactic deficits and, so far, only a few studies have looked at online syntactic processing in aphasia. We investigated sentence processing in German IWA by combining an offline (sentence-picture matching) and online (eye-tracking in the visual-world paradigm) method. Our goal was to determine whether IWA are capable of using inflectional morphology (number-agreement markers on verbs and case markers in noun phrases) as a cue to sentence interpretation. We report results of two visual-world experiments using German reversible SVO and OVS sentences. In each study, there were eight IWA and 20 age-matched controls. Experiment 1 targeted the role of case-morphology, while Experiment 2 looked at processing of number-agreement cues at the verb in case-ambiguous sentences. IWA showed deficits in using both types of morphological markers as a cue to non-canonical sentence interpretation and the results indicate that in aphasia, processing of case-marking cues is more vulnerable as compared to verb-agreement morphology. However, the online data revealed that IWA are in principle capable of successfully computing morphological cues, but the integration of morphological information is delayed as compared to age-matched controls. Furthermore, we found striking differences between controls and IWA regarding subject-before-object parsing predictions. While in case-unambiguous sentences IWA showed evidence for early subject-before-object parsing commitments, they exhibited no straightforward subject-first bias in case-ambiguous sentences, although controls did so for ambiguous structures. IWA delayed their parsing decisions in case-ambiguous sentences until unambiguous morphological information, such as a subject-verb-number-agreement cue, was available. We attribute the differential results for processing of case and agreement markers to differences in the degree of reliability of both morphological cues. We ascribe our findings for erroneous processing of case-unambiguous sentences in aphasia to late parsing commitments and failures in integrating case cues on time. For processing of case-ambiguous sentences in aphasia, we suggest that IWA adopt a wait-and-see strategy and make parsing commitments only when the agreement cue at the verb prompts a particular sentence structure. Our results for IWA further point to deficits in predictive processes during sentence comprehension.},
  pdf = {http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~vasishth/pdfs/HanneEtAlJNL2015.pdf}
}



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	Year = {2010}}

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	Year = {1982}}

@incollection{MacWhinney2005,
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	Editor = {D. Pecher and R. A. Swann},
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	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {The Emergence of Grammar from Perspective},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{wu2012,
	Author = {Wu, Fuyun and Kaiser, Elsi and Andersen, Elaine},
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	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2012}}

@book{ogrady2007syntactic,
	Address = {Chicago, IL},
	Author = {O'Grady, William},
	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	Title = {Syntactic Development},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{Keenan1977,
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	Journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
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	Volume = {8},
	Year = {1977}}


@article{armitage1989inference,
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  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@inproceedings{Kovacsetal2013,
	Address = {Marseille, France},
	Author = {Kov{\'a}cs, N{\'o}ra and Vasishth, Shravan},
	Booktitle = {{Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing Conference}},
	Organization = {Aix-Marseille Universit\'e},
	Title = {The processing of relative clauses in {H}ungarian},
	Year = {2013}}

@phdthesis{frazier79,
	Address = {Amherst, MA},
	Author = {Frazier, Lyn},
	School = {University of Massachusetts},
	Title = {On Comprehending Sentences: {S}yntactic Parsing Strategies},
	Type = {PhD thesis},
	Year = {1979}}

@article{jemrsurprisal,
	Author = {Marisa Ferrara Boston and John T. Hale and Umesh Patil and Reinhold Kliegl and Shravan Vasishth},
	Journal = {Journal of Eye Movement Research},
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	Title = {Parsing costs as predictors of reading difficulty: {A}n evaluation using the {Potsdam Sentence Corpus}},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2008}}

@article{grodner,
	Author = {Daniel Grodner and Edward Gibson},
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	Year = {2005}}

@inproceedings{kwon2006subject,
	Address = {Somerville, MA},
	Author = {Kwon, Nayoung and Polinsky, Maria and Kluender, Robert},
	Booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 25th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics}},
	Editor = {Donald Baumer and David Montero and Michael Scanlon},
	Pages = {1--14},
	Publisher = {Cascadilla Press},
	Title = {Subject preference in {K}orean},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{kwon2010cognitive,
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	Publisher = {Linguistic Society of America},
	Title = {Cognitive and linguistic factors affecting subject/object asymmetry: {A}n eye-tracking study of pre-nominal relative clauses in {K}orean},
	Volume = {86},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{kwon2013,
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	Number = {3},
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	Publisher = {Linguistic Society of America},
	Title = {Subject/object processing asymmetries in {K}orean relative clauses: {Evidence from ERP data}},
	Volume = {89},
	Year = {2013}}

@inproceedings{linbever06,
	Address = {Somerville, MA},
	Author = {Chien-Jer Charles Lin and Thomas G. Bever},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th {West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics}},
	Editor = {Donald Baumer and David Montero and Michael Scanlon},
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	Publisher = {Cascadilla Press},
	Title = {Subject preference in the processing of relative clauses in {C}hinese},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{lin2008,
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	Year = {2008}}

@inproceedings{miyamoto2003subject,
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	Editors = {Garding, Gina and Tsujimura, Mimu},
	Organization = {University of California},
	Pages = {342--355},
	Publisher = {Cascadilla Press},
	Title = {Subject/object asymmetries in the processing of relative clauses in {J}apanese},
	Year = {2003}}

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	Number = {5},
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	Title = {An {ERP} study of the processing of subject and object relative clauses in {J}apanese},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2008}}

@article{barteketal09,
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	Title = {In Search of On-line Locality Effects in Sentence Comprehension},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {2011}}


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	Author = {Demberg, Vera and Keller, Frank},
	Journal = {Cognition},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {193--210},
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	Title = {Data from eye-tracking corpora as evidence for theories of syntactic processing complexity},
	Volume = {109},
	Year = {2008}}

@book{Fisher1937,
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	Author = {Fisher, Ronald},
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	Title = {The Design of Experiments},
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@article{wicherts2006poor,
  title={The poor availability of psychological research data for reanalysis.},
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}


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	Journal = {European Journal of Personality},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {108--119},
	Title = {Recommendations for Increasing Replicability in Psychology},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2013}}

@incollection{pickering2006syntactic,
	Address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
	Author = {Pickering, Martin J. and {Van Gompel}, Roger P. G.},
	Booktitle = {Handbook of Psycholinguistics},
	Edition = {2nd},
	Editor = {Traxler, M.J. and Gernsbacher, M.A.},
	Pages = {455--503},
	Publisher = {Academic Press},
	Title = {Syntactic parsing},
	Year = {2006}}

@incollection{millerchomsky63,
	Address = {New York, NY},
	Author = {George Miller and Noam Chomsky},
	Booktitle = {Handbook of Mathematical Psychology},
	Editor = {Luce, R. Duncan and Bush, Robert R. and Galanter, Eugene},
	Pages = {419--491},
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	Year = {1963}}

@article{frazierfodor78,
	Author = {Frazier, L. and Fodor, J. D.},
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@unpublished{SchadVasishthprobnull,
  Author = {Daniel J. Schad and Shravan Vasishth},
  Note = {Submitted},
  Title = {The posterior probability of a null hypothesis given a statistically
 significant result},
  Year = {2019},
  code = {https://osf.io/9g5bp/},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.06889}
}

@article{SchadEtAlcontrasts,
  Author = {Daniel J. Schad and Sven Hohenstein and Shravan Vasishth and Reinhold Kliegl},
  Note = {In Press},
  journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
  Title = {How to capitalize on a priori contrasts in linear (mixed) models: {A} tutorial},
  Year = {2020},
  volume = {110}, 
  url = {https://osf.io/7ukf6/},
  pdf = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.10451},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2019.104038}
}



@article{pvals,
author = {Ronald L. Wasserstein and Nicole A. Lazar},
title = {{The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose}},
journal = {The American Statistician},
volume = {70},
number = {2},
pages = {129-133},
year  = {2016},
publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
OPTdoi = {10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108}
}


@article{ttg94,
	Author = {Trueswell, John C. and Tanenhaus, Michael and Garnsey, Susan M.},
	Journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
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	Volume = {33},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{cliftonetal03,
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	Journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
	Pages = {317-334},
	Title = {The use of thematic role information in parsing: Syntactic processing autonomy revisited},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {2003}}


@incollection{cliftonfrazier1989,
	Address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands},
	Author = {Clifton, Charles and Frazier, Lin},
	Booktitle = {Linguistic Structure in Language Processing},
	Editor = {G. Carlson and M. Tanenhaus},
	Pages = {273--317},
	Publisher = {Kluwer},
	Title = {Comprehending sentences with long distance dependencies},
	Year = {1989}}



@article{gelmancarlin,
	Author = {Gelman, Andrew and Carlin, John},
	Journal = {Perspectives on Psychological Science},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {641--651},
	Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
	Title = {Beyond Power Calculations Assessing Type {S} (Sign) and Type {M} (Magnitude) Errors},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{jc92,
	Author = {Just, Marcel A. and Carpenter, Patricia A.},
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	Number = {1},
	Pages = {122--149},
	Title = {A capacity theory of comprehension: {I}ndividual differences in working memory},
	Volume = {99},
	Year = {1992}}

@article{gibson98,
	Author = {Edward Gibson},
	Journal = {Cognition},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1--76},
	Title = {Linguistic Complexity: {L}ocality of syntactic dependencies},
	Volume = {68},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{LewisVasishthVanDyke2006,
	Author = {Richard L. Lewis and Shravan Vasishth and Julie A. {Van~Dyke}},
	Journal = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {447--454},
	Title = {Computational principles of working memory in sentence comprehension},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2006}}

@inproceedings{yunetal2010,
	Address = {Portland, OR},
	Author = {Jiwon Yun and John Whitman and John T. Hale},
	Booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society}},
	Editor = {S. Ohlsson and R. Catrambone},
	Pages = {2152--2157},
	Publisher = {Cognitive Science Society},
	Title = {Subject-Object Asymmetries in {K}orean Sentence Comprehension},
	Year = {2010}}



@article{PickeringBarry91,
	Author = {Pickering, Martin J. and Barry, Guy},
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	Title = {Sentence processing without empty categories},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{PickeringTraxler96a,
	Author = {Traxler, Matthew J. and Pickering, Martin J.},
	Journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
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@phdthesis{wu2009,
	Address = {Los Angeles, CA},
	Author = {Wu, Fuyun},
	School = {University of Southern California},
	Title = {Factors Affecting Relative Clause Processing in {M}andarin: {C}orpus and Behavioral Evidence},
	Type = {PhD thesis},
	Year = {2009}}

@incollection{wukaiserandersen2010,
	Address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands},
	Author = {Wu, F. and Kaiser, E. and Andersen, E.},
	Booktitle = {Processing and Producing Head-final Structures},
	Editor = {Yamashita, Hiroko and Hirose, Yuki and Packard, Jerry},
	Pages = {173--194},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {Subject preference, head animacy, and lexical cues: {A} corpus study of relative clauses in {C}hinese},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{fuyunWu2011,
	Author = {Wu, Fuyun},
	Journal = {Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {203--207},
	Title = {Frequency issues of classifier configurations for processing {M}andarin object-extracted relative clauses: A corpus study},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2011}}

@incollection{linbever2011,
	Address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands},
	Author = {Chien-Jer Charles Lin and Thomas G. Bever},
	Booktitle = {Processing and Producing Head-final Structures},
	Editor = {Yamashita, Hiroko and Hirose, Yuki and Packard, Jerry},
	Pages = {277--297},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {Garden Path and the Comprehension of Head-final Relative Clauses},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{qiao2012relative,
	Author = {Qiao, X. and Shen, L. and Forster, K.},
	Journal = {Language and Cognitive Processes},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {611--630},
	Publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	Title = {Relative clause processing in {M}andarin: Evidence from the maze task},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2012}}

@article{HsiaoMacDonald2013,
	Author = {Hsiao, Yaling and MacDonald, Maryellen C.},
	Journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	Number = {767},
	Title = {Experience and generalization in a connectionist model of {M}andarin {C}hinese relative clause processing},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{macdonaldchristiansen,
	Author = {MacDonald, Maryellen C. and Christiansen, Morten H.},
	Journal = {Psychological Review},
	Number = {1},
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	Title = {Reassessing working memory: {A} reply to {J}ust and     {C}arpenter and {W}aters and {C}aplan},
	Url = {http://psych.wisc.edu/ugstudies/Psych733/MacDonald_Christiansen.pdf},
	Volume = {109},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://psych.wisc.edu/ugstudies/Psych733/MacDonald_Christiansen.pdf}}

@article{just2002haw,
	Author = {Just, Marcel A. and Varma, Sashank},
	Journal = {Psychological Review},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {55--65},
	Title = {{A hybrid architecture for working memory: Reply to MacDonald and Christiansen (2002)}},
	Volume = {109},
	Year = {2002}}


@inproceedings{HsiaoLimacdonaldCUNY2014,
	Address = {Columbus, OH},
	Author = {Hsiao, Yaling and Li, Jinman and Maryellen MacDonald},
	Booktitle = {27th {A}nnual {CUNY} {C}onference on {H}uman {S}entence {P}rocessing},
	Organization = {The Ohio State University},
	Title = {Ambiguity affects {M}andarin relative clause processing},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{SafaviEtAlFrontiers2016,
	Author = {Molood Sadat Safavi and Samar Husain and Shravan Vasishth},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	Title = {Dependency resolution difficulty increases with distance in {P}ersian separable complex predicates: Implications for expectation and memory-based accounts},
	OPTnote = {Special Issue on Encoding and Navigating Linguistic Representations in Memory},
	pdf = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00403/full},
	code={http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~vasishth/code/SafaviEtAl2016DataCode.zip},
	year = {2016},
	volume = {7},
	issue = {403},
	OPTdoi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00403},
    abstract = {Delaying the appearance of a verb in a noun-verb dependency tends to increase processing difficulty at the verb; one explanation for this locality effect is decay and/or interference of the noun in working memory. Surprisal, an expectation-based account, predicts that delaying the appearance of a verb either renders it no more predictable or more predictable, leading respectively to a prediction of no effect of distance or a facilitation.  Recently, Husain et al (2014) suggested that when the exact identity of the upcoming verb is predictable (strong predictability), increasing argument-verb distance leads to facilitation effects, which is consistent with surprisal; but when the exact identity of the upcoming verb is not predictable (weak predictability), locality effects are seen. We investigated Husain et al.'s proposal using Persian complex predicates (CPs), which consist of a non-verbal element---a noun in the current study---and a verb. In CPs, once the noun has been read, the exact identity of the verb is highly predictable (strong predictability); this was confirmed using a sentence completion study. In two self-paced reading (SPR) and two eye-tracking (ET) experiments, we delayed the appearance of the verb by interposing a relative clause (Expt. 1 and 3) or a long PP (Expt. 2 and 4). 
We also included a simple Noun-Verb predicate configuration with the same distance manipulation; here, the exact identity of the verb was not predictable (weak predictability). Thus, the design crossed Predictability Strength and Distance.  We found that, consistent with surprisal, the verb in the strong predictability conditions was read faster than in the weak predictability conditions. Furthermore, greater verb-argument distance led to slower reading times;  strong predictability did not neutralize or attenuate the locality effects. As regards the effect of distance on dependency resolution difficulty, these four experiments  present evidence in favor of  working memory accounts of argument-verb dependency resolution, and against the surprisal-based expectation account of Levy (2008). However, another expectation-based measure, entropy, which was computed using the offline sentence completion data, predicts reading times in Experiment 1. We suggest that forgetting due to memory overload leads to greater entropy at the verb.} 
    }

@article{HusainVasishthNarayanan2015,
  title={Integration and prediction difficulty in {H}indi sentence comprehension: {E}vidence from an eye-tracking corpus},
  author={Samar Husain and Shravan Vasishth and Narayanan Srinivasan},
  volume = {8(2)},
  issue = {3},
  pages = {1--12},
  journal = {Journal of Eye Movement Research},
  year={2015},
  abstract = {This is the first attempt at characterizing reading difficulty in Hindi using naturally occurring sentences. We created the Potsdam-Allahabad Hindi Eyetracking Corpus by recording eye-movement data from 30 participants at the University of Allahabad, India. The target stimuli were 153 sentences selected from the beta version of the Hindi-Urdu treebank. We find that word- or low-level predictors (syllable length, unigram and bigram frequency) affect first-pass reading times, regression path duration, total reading time, and outgoing saccade length. An increase in syllable length results in longer fixations, and an increase in word unigram and bigram frequency leads to shorter fixations. Longer syllable length and higher frequency lead to longer outgoing saccades. We also find that two predictors of sentence comprehension diffi- culty, integration and storage cost, have an effect on reading difficulty. Integration cost (Gibson, 2000) was approximated by calculating the distance (in words) between a dependent and head; and storage cost (Gibson, 2000), which measures difficulty of maintaining predictions, was estimated by counting the number of predicted heads at each point in the sentence. We find that integration cost mainly affects outgoing saccade length, and storage cost affects total reading times and outgoing saccade length. Thus, word-level predictors have an effect in both early and late measures of reading time, while predictors of sentence comprehension difficulty tend to affect later measures. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration using eye-tracking that both integration and storage cost influence reading difficulty.},
  pdf = {http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~vasishth/pdfs/HusainEtAlETHindiJEMR2015.pdf},
  code={https://github.com/vasishth/HusainEtAlJEMR2015}
}

@article{hammerly2019grammaticality,
  title={The grammaticality asymmetry in agreement attraction reflects response bias: {E}xperimental and modeling evidence},
  author={Hammerly, Christopher and Staub, Adrian and Dillon, Brian},
  journal={Cognitive psychology},
  volume={110},
  pages={70--104},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}


@article{HusainEtAl2014,
  title={Strong Expectations Cancel Locality Effects: {E}vidence from {H}indi},
  author={Husain, Samar and Vasishth, Shravan and Srinivasan, Narayanan},
  journal={PLoS ONE},
  volume={9},
  number={7},
  pages={1--14},
  year={2014},
  abstract = {Expectation-driven facilitation (Hale, 2001; Levy, 2008) and locality-driven retrieval difficulty (Gibson, 1998, 2000; Lewis &
Vasishth, 2005) are widely recognized to be two critical factors in incremental sentence processing; there is accumulating
evidence that both can influence processing difficulty. However, it is unclear whether and how expectations and memory
interact. We first confirm a key prediction of the expectation account: a Hindi self-paced reading study shows that when an
expectation for an upcoming part of speech is dashed, building a rarer structure consumes more processing time than
building a less rare structure. This is a strong validation of the expectation-based account. In a second study, we show that
when expectation is strong, i.e., when a particular verb is predicted, strong facilitation effects are seen when the appearance
of the verb is delayed; however, when expectation is weak, i.e., when only the part of speech ``verb'' is predicted but a
particular verb is not predicted, the facilitation disappears and a tendency towards a locality effect is seen. The interaction
seen between expectation strength and distance shows that strong expectations cancel locality effects, and that weak
expectations allow locality effects to emerge.},
  publisher={Public Library of Science},
  pdf = {http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0100986},
  code={http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~vasishth/code/HusainEtAl2014PLoSONE.zip}
}

@incollection{Huang1989pro,
	Address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands},
	Author = {Huang, C. T. James},
	Booktitle = {The Null Subject Parameter},
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	Pages = {185--214},
	Publisher = {Kluwer},
	Title = {Pro drop in {C}hinese: a generalized control approach},
	Year = {1989}}

@article{GW13,
	Author = {Edward Gibson and H.-H. Iris Wu},
	Journal = {Language and Cognitive Processes},
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	Title = {Processing {C}hinese relative clauses in context},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{liuetal11,
	Author = {Tao Liu and Tongquan Zhou and Yiming Yang},
	Journal = {Yuyan Kexue [Linguistic Sciences]},
	Number = {1},
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	Title = {Universality of Processing Advantage for Subject Relative Clause: An {ERP} Study of {C}hinese Relative Clauses},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{Lin2014,
	Author = {Lin, Chien-Jer Charles},
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	Pages = {180--206},
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	Year = {2014}}

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	Author = {Baoguo Chen and Aihua Ning},
	Journal = {Yingyong Xinli Kexue [Chinese Journal of Applied Psychology]},
	Number = {1},
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	Title = {The Comparison of Processing Difficulty between {C}hinese Subject-relative and Object-relative Clauses},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2008}}

@article{ChenBaguoetal2008,
	Author = {Baoguo Chen and Aihua Ning and Hongyan Bi and Susan Dunlap},
	Journal = {Acta Psychologica},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {61--65},
	Title = {Chinese subject-relative clauses are more difficult to process than the object-relative clauses},
	Volume = {129},
	Year = {2008}}

@incollection{lin2011animacy,
	Address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands},
	Author = {Lin, Y. and Garnsey, S.M.},
	Booktitle = {Processing and Producing Head-final Structures},
	Editor = {Yamashita, Hiroko and Hirose, Yuki and Packard, Jerry},
	Pages = {241--275},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {Animacy and the resolution of temporary ambiguity in relative clause comprehension in {M}andarin},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{zhangjiang10,
	Author = {Qiang Zhang and Huo Jiang},
	Journal = {Waiyu Yanjiu [Foreign Languages Research]},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {19--26},
	Title = {Processing advantages in relative clauses and the local grammar complexity account},
	Volume = {124},
	Year = {2010}}

@inproceedings{Yoshidaetal04,
	Address = {College Park, MD},
	Author = {Yoshida, M. and Aoshima, S. and Phillips, C.},
	Booktitle = {17th {A}nnual {CUNY} {C}onference on {H}uman {S}entence {P}rocessing},
	Organization = {University of Maryland},
	Title = {Relative clause prediction in {J}apanese},
	Year = {2004}}

@inproceedings{HsuPhillipsYoshida05,
	Address = {Tucson, AZ},
	Author = {Hsu, C.-C. N. and Phillips, C. and Yoshida, M.},
	Booktitle = {18th {A}nnual {CUNY} {C}onference on {H}uman {S}entence {P}rocessing},
	Organization = {University of Arizona},
	Title = {Cues for head-final relative clauses in {C}hinese},
	Year = {2005}}

@inproceedings{hsuetal06,
	Address = {New York, NY},
	Author = {Hsu, Chun-Chieh Natalie and Hurewitz, Felicia and Phillips, Colin},
	Booktitle = {19th {A}nnual {CUNY} {C}onference on {H}uman {S}entence {P}rocessing},
	Organization = {City University of New York},
	Title = {Contextual and syntactic cues for head-final relative clauses in {C}hinese},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{WuLuoZhou2014,
	Author = {Wu, Fuyun and Luo, Yingyi and Zhou, Xiaolin},
	Journal = {Language, Cognition and Neuroscience},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {1205--1226},
	Title = {Building {C}hinese relative clause structures with lexical and syntactic cues: {E}vidence from visual world eye-tracking and reading times},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2014}}

@inproceedings{YoshidaYoon14,
	Address = {Chicago, IL},
	Author = {Yoshida, Masaya and Yoon, Suwon},
	Booktitle = {The {2nd East Asian Psycholinguistics Colloquium}},
	Organization = {University of Chicago},
	Title = {When are clause-final verbs facilitated in {K}orean?},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{wu13,
	Author = {Wu, Fuyun},
	Journal = {Waiguoyu [Journal of Foreign Languages]},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {60--67},
	Title = {Will More Heads Increase Processing Difficulties? {E}vidence from {C}hinese},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{xue2005penn,
	Author = {Xue, Naiwen and Xia, Fei and Chiou, Fu-Dong and Palmer, Martha},
	Journal = {Natural Language Engineering},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {207--238},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {The {P}enn {C}hinese {T}ree{B}ank: {P}hrase structure annotation of a large corpus},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{haaf2018some,
  title={Some do and some don’t? {A}ccounting for variability of individual difference structures},
  author={Haaf, Julia M. and Rouder, Jeffrey N.},
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  pages={1--18},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Springer}
}


@book{pinheirobates,
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	Author = {Jos{\'e} C. Pinheiro and Douglas M. Bates},
	Optannote = {Excellent introduction to nlme package, but it is at a higher level than Raudenbush and Bryk (2002).},
	Publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	Title = {Mixed-Effects Models in {S} and {S-PLUS}},
	Year = 2000}

@article{freedman1984stopping,
  title={Stopping rules for clinical trials incorporating clinical opinion},
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  publisher={JSTOR}
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@article{cornfield1966sequential,
  title={Sequential trials, sequential analysis and the likelihood principle},
  author={Cornfield, Jerome},
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  volume={20},
  number={2},
  pages={18--23},
  year={1966},
  publisher={Taylor \& Francis Group}
}


@article{spiegelhalter1994bayesian,
  title={Bayesian approaches to randomized trials},
  author={Spiegelhalter, David J and Freedman, Laurence S and Parmar, Mahesh KB},
  journal={Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society)},
  pages={357--416},
  year={1994},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@article{king1991individual,
  title={Individual differences in syntactic processing: {T}he role of working memory},
  author={King, Jonathan and Just, Marcel A.},
  journal={Journal of memory and language},
  volume={30},
  number={5},
  pages={580--602},
  year={1991},
  publisher={Elsevier}
  }


@book{kruschke2014doing,
  title = {Doing {B}ayesian data analysis: {A tutorial with R, JAGS, and Stan}},
  author = {Kruschke, John},
  year = {2015},
  address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
  publisher = {Academic Press}
}


@inproceedings{levy2006tregex,
	Address = {Genoa, Italy},
	Author = {Levy, Roger and Andrew, Galen},
	Booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation}},
	Editor = {N. Calzolari and K. Choukri and A. Gangemi and B. Maegaard and J. Mariani and J. Odjik and D. Tapias},
	Pages = {2231--2234},
	Publisher = {{E}uropean {L}anguage {R}esources {A}ssociation},
	Title = {Tregex and {T}surgeon: {T}ools for querying and manipulating tree data structures},
	Year = {2006}}

@phdthesis{lewis:phd,
	Address = {Pittsburgh, PA},
	Author = {Richard L. Lewis},
	School = {Carnegie Mellon University},
	Title = {An Architecturally-based Theory of Human Sentence     Comprehension},
	Year = {1993}}


@article{lewis:magical,
	Author = {Lewis, Richard L.},
	Journal = {Journal of Psycholinguistic Research},
	Pages = {93--115},
	Title = {Interference in short-term memory: {T}he magical number two (or three) in sentence processing},
	Volume = {25(1)},
	Year = {1996}}


@article{VBLD07,
	Author = {Shravan Vasishth and Sven Bruessow and Richard L. Lewis and Heiner Drenhaus},
	Date-Modified = {2009-08-21 11:25:25 +0200},
	Journal = {Cognitive Science},
	Number = {4},
	Title = {Processing Polarity: {H}ow the ungrammatical intrudes on the grammatical},
	abstract = {A central question in online human sentence comprehension is: how are linguistic
	relations established between different parts of a sentence? Previous work has shown that
	this dependency resolution process can be computationally expensive, but the underlying
	reasons for this are still unclear. We argue that dependency resolution is mediated by
	cue-based retrieval, constrained by independently motivated working memory principles
	defined in a cognitive architecture (ACT-R). To demonstrate this, we investigate an
	unusual instance of dependency resolution, the processing of negative and positive
	polarity items, and confirm a surprising prediction of the cue-based retrieval model:
	partial cue-matches, which constitute a kind of similarity-based interference, can give
	rise to the intrusion of ungrammatical retrieval candidates, leading to both processing
	slow-downs and even errors of judgment that take the form of illusions of grammaticality
	in patently ungrammatical structures. A notable achievement is that good quantitative
	fits are achieved without adjusting the key model parameters.},
	pdf = {http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~vasishth/pdfs/Vasishth-Bruessow-Lewis-Drenhaus-CogSci2008.pdf},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2008},
	code = {http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~vasishth/code/VasishthBruessowetal2008CogSci.zip}
	}


@unpublished{AlcocerPhillips,
	Author = {Alcocer, P. and Phillips, C.},
	Note = {Unpublished manuscript},
	Title = {Using relational syntactic constraints in content-addressable memory architectures for sentence processing}}

@article{ALV2019,
  Author = {Avetisyan, Serine and Lago, Sol and Vasishth, Shravan},
  journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
  Note = {Accepted pending revisions},
  pdf = {https://psyarxiv.com/kmbgy},
  Title = {Does case marking affect agreement attraction in comprehension?},
  Year = {2019}
  }


@article{Dillon2014ziji,
	Author = {Dillon, Brian W. and Chow, Wing-Yee and Wagers, Matthew and Guo, Taomei and Liu, Fengqin and Phillips, Colin},
	Journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	Number = {1025},
	Title = {The structure-sensitivity of memory access: {E}vidence from {M}andarin {C}hinese},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{JaegerMertzenVanDykeVasishth2019,
  Author = {J\"ager, Lena A. and Mertzen, Daniela and Van Dyke, Julie A. and Vasishth, Shravan},
  url = {https://psyarxiv.com/7c4gu/},  
  Title = {Interference patterns in subject-verb agreement and reflexives revisited: {A} large-sample study},
  Year = {2019},
  journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
  note = {Accepted pending minor revisions}
  }


@article{FerreiraGoodEnough2002,
	Author = {Ferreira, Fernanda and Ferraro, Vittoria and Bailey, Karl G. D.},
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	Title = {Good-enough representations in language comprehension},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{McElreeDosher1989,
	Author = {McElree, B and Dosher, BA},
	Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: General},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {346--373},
	Title = {Serial position and set size in short-term memory: {T}he time course of recognition},
	Volume = {118},
	Year = {1989}}

@article{CunningsFelser2013,
	Author = {Cunnings, Ian and Felser, Claudia},
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	Number = {1-2},
	Pages = {188--219},
	Title = {The role of working memory in the processing of reflexives},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2013}}

@article {AudleyPike1965,
author = {Audley, R. J. and Pike, A. R.},
title = {Some alternative stochastic models of choice},
journal = {British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
issn = {2044-8317},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1965.tb00342.x},
doi = {10.1111/j.2044-8317.1965.tb00342.x},
pages = {207--225},
year = {1965},
}

@Article{UsherMcClelland2001,
  Title                    = {The time course of perceptual choice: {The} leaky, competing accumulator model},
  Author                   = {Usher, Marius and McClelland, James L},
  Year                     = {2001},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {550},
  Volume                   = {108},

  File                     = {:home/bruno/ownCloud/Papers/sequential sampling/UsherMcC01_ocr.pdf:PDF},
  doi={10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.550},
  Journal                  = {Psychological Review},
  Publisher                = {American Psychological Association}
}


@Article{Vickers1970,
  Title                    = {Evidence for an Accumulator Model of Psychophysical Discrimination},
  Author                   = {Vickers, Douglas},
  Year                     = {1970},
  Doi                      = {10.1080/00140137008931117},
  ISSN                     = {1366-5847},
  Month                    = {1},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {37–58},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140137008931117},
  Volume                   = {13},

  File                     = {:home/bruno/ownCloud/Papers/vickers1970.pdf:PDF},
  Journal                  = {Ergonomics},
  Publisher                = {Informa UK Limited}
}



@inproceedings{EngelmannJaegerVasishthCUNY2015,
	Address = {Los Angeles, CA},
	Author = {Engelmann, Felix and J{\"a}ger, Lena A. and Vasishth, Shravan},
	Booktitle = {{28th Annual {CUNY} Conference on Human Sentence Processing}},
	Pages = {168},
	Publisher = {University of Southern California},
	Title = {Cue confusion and distractor prominence can explain inconsistent interference effects},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{plummer2011jags,
  title={{JAGS} Version 3.3.0 Manual},
  author={Plummer, Martyn},
  journal={International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, France},
  year={2012}
}

@book{cochrane,
	Address = {New York},
	Author = {Julian Higgins and Sally Green},
	Publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	Title = {Cochrane Handbook for Systematics Reviews of Interventions},
	Year = {2008}}

@book{sutton2012evidence,
  title={Evidence synthesis for decision making in healthcare},
  author={Sutton, Alexander J and Welton, Nicky J and Cooper, Nicola and Abrams, Keith R and Ades, AE},
  volume={132},
  year={2012},
  publisher={John Wiley \& Sons}
}


@unpublished{NicenboimVasishthStatMeth,
	Author = {Bruno Nicenboim and Shravan Vasishth},
	Note = {arXiv preprint},
	Title = {Statistical methods for linguistics research: {F}oundational Ideas -- {P}art {II}},
	Year = {2016},
	abstract = {We provide an introductory review of Bayesian data analytical methods, with a focus on applications for linguistics, psychology, psycholinguistics, and cognitive science. The empirically oriented researcher will benefit from making Bayesian methods part of their statistical toolkit due to the many advantages of this framework, among them easier interpretation of results relative to research hypotheses, and flexible model specification. We present an informal introduction to the foundational ideas behind Bayesian data analysis, using, as an example, a linear mixed models analysis of data from a typical psycholinguistics experiment. We discuss hypothesis testing using the Bayes factor, and model selection using cross-validation. We close with some examples illustrating the flexibility of model specification in the Bayesian framework. Suggestions for further reading are also provided.},
	pdf = {http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~vasishth/pdfs/StatMethLingPart2ArXiv.pdf}
	}	

@article{carpenter2017stan,
  title={Stan: {A} probabilistic programming language},
  author={Carpenter, Bob and Gelman, Andrew and Hoffman, Matthew D and Lee, Daniel and Goodrich, Ben and Betancourt, Michael and Brubaker, Marcus and Guo, Jiqiang and Li, Peter and Riddell, Allen},
  journal={Journal of Statistical Software},
  volume={76},
  number={1},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States); Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA}
}

@manual{stan-manual:2014,
  author = {{Stan Development Team}},
  year = {2014},
  title = {Stan Modeling Language Users Guide and Reference Manual,
           Version 2.2},
  url = {http://mc-stan.org/}
}

@misc{stan-software:2013,
  author = {{Stan Development Team}},
  year = {2013},
  title = {Stan: {A C++} Library for Probability and Sampling,
           Version 2.1},
  url = {http://mc-stan.org/}
}


@phdthesis{kush:phd,
				Address = {College Park, MD},
				Author = {Dave Kush},
				School = {University of Maryland},
				Title = {Respecting relations: {M}emory access and antecedent retrieval in incremental sentence processing},
				Year = {2013}
				}



@article{KushPhillips2014,
	Author = {Kush, Dave and Phillips, Colin},
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	Number = {1252},
	Title = {Local anaphor licensing in an {SOV} language: {I}mplications for retrieval strategies},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2014}}

@inproceedings{ParkerPhillipsCUNY2014,
	Address = {Columbus, OH},
	Author = {Parker, Daniel and Phillips, Colin},
	Booktitle = {{27th Annual {CUNY} Conference on Human Sentence Processing}},
	Organizer = {Ohio State University},
	Pages = {100},
	Title = {Selective priority for structure in memory retrieval},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{DianaReder2006,
	Author = {Diana, Rachel A. and Reder, Lynne M.},
	Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: {L}earning, Memory, and Cognition},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1805-815},
	Pmid = {19223223},
	Title = {The low-frequency encoding disadvantage: {W}ord frequency affects processing demands},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2006}}


@inproceedings{lewis2010short,
  title={Short-term memory in sentence production and its adaptive control},
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  booktitle={The {CUNY} {C}onference of {H}uman {S}entence {P}rocessing},
  year={2010}
}

@article{Anderson2004,
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	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1036--60},
	Title = {An integrated theory of the mind},
	Volume = {111},
	Year = {2004}}

@book{AndersonLebiere1998,
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	Author = {Anderson, John R. and Lebiere, Christian},
	Publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.},
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	Year = {1998}}

@article{Badecker2002a,
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	Title = {The processing role of structural constraints on the interpretation of pronouns and anaphors},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Cai2010,
	Author = {Cai, Qing and Brysbaert, Marc},
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	Number = {6},
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	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2010}}

@incollection{Chen2012a,
	Address = {Berlin, Germany},
	Author = {Chen, Zhong and J{\"a}ger, Lena A. and Vasishth, Shravan},
	Booktitle = {Empirical Approaches to Linguistic Theory: {S}tudies of Meaning and Structure},
	Editor = {Stolterfoht, B. and Featherston, S.},
	Pages = {43--62},
	Publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
	Series = {Studies in Generative Grammar},
	Title = {How structure-sensitive is the parser? {E}vidence from {M}andarin {C}hinese},
	Year = {2012}}

@article{ClacksonFelserClahsen2011,
	Author = {Clackson, Kaili and Felser, Claudia and Clahsen, Harald},
	Journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
	Pages = {128--144},
	Title = {Children's processing of reflexives and pronouns in {E}nglish: {E}vidence from eye-movements during listening},
	Volume = {65},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{CliftonFrazierDeevy1999,
	Author = {Clifton, Charles and Frazier, Lyn and Deevy, Patricia},
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	Number = {1},
	Pages = {11--39},
	Title = {Feature manipulation in sentence comprehension},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Cole1990,
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	Pages = {1--22},
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	Volume = {21},
	Year = {1990}}

@article{Cole1993,
	Author = {Cole, Peter and Hermon, Gabriella and Sung, Li-May},
	Journal = {Journal of East Asian Linguistics},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {91--118},
	Title = {Feature Percolation},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {1993}}

@article{Cole1994,
	Author = {Cole, Peter and Sung, Li-May},
	Journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {355--406},
	Title = {Head movement and long-distance reflexives},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{Cole1996,
	Author = {Cole, Peter and Wang, Chengchi},
	Journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {357--390},
	Title = {Antecedents and blockers of long-distance reflexives: {T}he case of {C}hinese \emph{ziji}},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{CunningsSturt2014,
	Author = {Cunnings, Ian and Sturt, Patrick},
	Journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
	Pages = {117--139},
	Title = {Coargumenthood and the processing of reflexives},
	Volume = {75},
	Year = {2014}}

@phdthesis{reinhart1976syntactic,
  title={The syntactic domain of anaphora},
  author={Reinhart, Tanya Miriam},
  year={1976},
  school={Massachusetts Institute of Technology}
}

@article{stack2018failure,
  title={A failure to replicate rapid syntactic adaptation in comprehension},
  author={Stack, Caoimhe M Harrington and James, Ariel N and Watson, Duane G},
  journal={Memory \& cognition},
  pages={1--14},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@article{nieuwland2018large,
  title={Large-scale replication study reveals a limit on probabilistic prediction in language comprehension},
  author={Nieuwland, Mante S and Politzer-Ahles, Stephen and Heyselaar, Evelien and Segaert, Katrien and Darley, Emily and Kazanina, Nina and Zu Wolfsthurn, Sarah Von Grebmer and Bartolozzi, Federica and Kogan, Vita and Ito, Aine and others},
  journal={eLife},
  volume={7},
  pages={e33468},
  year={2018},
  publisher={eLife Sciences Publications Limited}
}

@inproceedings{lissoncompeting2019,
	location = {Moscow, Russia},
	title = {Competing models of retrieval in sentence processing: the case of aphasia},
	eventtitle = {25th Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing ({AMLaP})},
	publisher = {Higher School of Economics},
	author = {Lissón, Paula and van het Nederend, Mick and Nicenboim, Bruno and Pregla, Dorothea and Paape, Dario and Vasishth, Shravan},
	date = {2019}
}

@article{PaapeVasishth2015,
  title={Local coherence and preemptive digging-in effects in {G}erman},
  author={Dario Paape and Shravan Vasishth},
  journal = {Language and Speech},
  year={2016},
  volume={59},
  issue={3},
  pages={387-403},
  abstract = {SOPARSE (Tabor \& Hutchins, 2004) predicts so-called local coherence effects: locally plausible but globally impossible parses of substrings can exert a distracting influence during sentence processing. Additionally, it predicts digging-in effects: the longer the parser stays committed to a particular analysis, the harder it becomes to inhibit that analysis. We investigated the interaction of these two predictions using German sentences. Results from a self-paced reading study show that the processing difficulty caused by a local coherence can be reduced by first allowing the globally correct parse to become entrenched, which supports SOPARSE’s assumptions.},
  pdf = {http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~paape/LCpaper.pdf}
}

@article{taboretal04,
	Author = {Whitney Tabor and Bruno Galantucci and Daniel Richardson},
	Journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
	Pages = {355--370},
	Title = {Effects of merely local syntactic coherence on sentence processing},
	Volume = 50,
	Year = 2004}


@article{farmer2012individual,
  title={Individual differences in sentence processing},
  author={Farmer, Thomas A. and Misyak, Jennifer B and Christiansen, Morten H.},
  journal={Cambridge handbook of psycholinguistics},
  pages={353--364},
  year={2012},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press Cambridge, United Kingdom}
}


@article{kidd2018individual,
  title={Individual differences in language acquisition and processing},
  author={Kidd, Evan and Donnelly, Seamus and Christiansen, Morten H.},
  journal={Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
  volume={22},
  number={2},
  pages={154--169},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}


@article{Dillon2013,
	Author = {Dillon, Brian W. and Mishler, Alan and Sloggett, Shayne and Phillips, Colin},
	Journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
	Pages = {85--103},
	Title = {Contrasting intrusion profiles for agreement and anaphora: {E}xperimental and modeling evidence},
	Volume = {69},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{Gao2005,
	Author = {Gao, Liqun and Liu, Zhaojing and Huang, Yueyuan},
	Journal = {Yuyan Kexue [Linguistic Sciences]},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {39--50},
	Title = {Ziji shi shei? {D}ui yueshu yuanze de shiyan yanjiu [{W}ho is \emph{ziji}? {A}n experimental research on {B}inding {P}rinciples]},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{FelserSatoBertenshaw2009,
	Author = {Felser, Claudia and Sato, Mikako and Bertenshaw, Nicholas},
	Journal = {Bilingualism: Language and Cognition},
	Pages = {485--502},
	Title = {The on-line application of {B}inding {P}rinciple {A} in {E}nglish as a second language},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2009}}

@incollection{Huang2002,
	Address = {Stanford, CA},
	Author = {Huang, C.-T. James},
	Booktitle = {On the Formal Way to Chinese Languages},
	Editor = {Tang, Sze-Wing and Liu, Chen-Sheng Luther},
	Pages = {21--44},
	Publisher = {CSLI Publications},
	Title = {Distributivity and reflexivity},
	Year = {2002}}

@inproceedings{Huang1984b,
	Address = {Taipeih, Taiwan},
	Author = {Huang, C.-T. James and Huang, Yun-Hua and Teng, Te-Hsiang and Tiedeman, Robyne},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the First World Conference on Chinese Language},
	Pages = {205--215},
	Publisher = {World Chinese Language Association},
	Title = {Reflexives in {C}hinese and the teaching of {C}hinese},
	Year = {1984}}

@incollection{Huang2001,
	Address = {New York, NY},
	Author = {Huang, C.-T. James and Liu, C.-S. Luther},
	Booktitle = {Long-Distance Reflexives},
	Editor = {Cole, P. and Hermon, G. and Huang, C.T.J.},
	Number = {33},
	Pages = {141--195},
	Publisher = {Academic Press},
	Series = {Syntax and Semantics},
	Title = {Logophoricity, attitudes, and \emph{ziji} at the interface},
	Year = {2001}}


@Article{brms,
    title = {{brms}: An {R} Package for {B}ayesian Multilevel Models Using {Stan}},
    author = {Paul-Christian B{\"u}rkner},
    journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
    year = {2017},
    volume = {80},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1--28},
    doi = {10.18637/jss.v080.i01}
  }


@incollection{Huang1991,
	Address = {Cambridge, UK},
	Author = {Huang, C.-T. James and Tang, C.-C. Jane},
	Booktitle = {Long-distance Anaphora},
	Editor = {Koster, Jan and Reuland, Eric},
	Pages = {263--282},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {The local nature of the long-distance reflexive in {C}hinese},
	Year = {1991}}

@inproceedings{Huang1989,
	Address = {Amherst, MA},
	Author = {Huang, C.-T. James and Tang, C.-C. Jane},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of NELS 19},
	Pages = {191--206},
	Publisher = {GLSA Publications},
	Title = {The local nature of the long-distance reflexive in {C}hinese},
	Year = {1989}}

@article{Huang1984a,
	Author = {Huang, Yun-hua},
	Journal = {Studies in English Literature and Linguistics},
	Pages = {163--188},
	Title = {Reflexives in {C}hinese},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {1984}}

@article{Kang1988,
	Author = {Kang, Beom-Mo},
	Journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
	Pages = {415--456},
	Title = {Unbounded reflexives},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {1988}}

@inproceedings{King2012,
	Address = {New York, NY},
	Author = {King, Joseph and Andrews, Caroline and Wagers, Matthew},
	Booktitle = {{25th Annual {CUNY} Conference on Human Sentence Processing}},
	Pages = {67},
	Publisher = {The {CUNY} Graduate Center},
	Title = {Do reflexives always find a grammatical antecedent for themselves?},
	Year = {2012}}

@article{LewisVasishth2005,
	Author = {Lewis, Richard L. and Vasishth, Shravan},
	Journal = {Cognitive Science},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {375--419},
	Title = {An activation-based model of sentence processing as skilled memory retrieval},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2005}}

@phdthesis{Li1991,
	Address = {Buffalo, NY},
	Author = {Li, Naicong},
	School = {State University of New York at Buffalo},
	Title = {Perspective-Taking in {M}andarin Discourse},
	Type = {PhD thesis},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{Li2010a,
	Author = {Li, Xiaoqian and Zhou, Xiaolin},
	Journal = {Brain Research},
	Number = {1981},
	Pages = {96--104},
	Title = {Who is \emph{ziji}? {ERP} responses to the {C}hinese reflexive pronoun during sentence comprehension},
	Volume = {1331},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{Liu2010,
	Author = {Liu, Lijin},
	Journal = {Journal of Language Teaching and Research},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {796--806},
	Title = {A pragmatic account of anaphora: {T}he cases of the bare reflexive in {C}hinese},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{Liu2009,
	Author = {Liu, Zhaojing},
	Journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1--27},
	Title = {The cognitive process of {C}hinese reflexive processing},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {2009}}

@article{Manzini1987,
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	Year = {1987}}

@article{McElree2003,
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	Publisher = {Academic Press},
	Title = {Accessing recent events},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{McElree2000,
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@phdthesis{Yu1996,
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@book{Buring2005,
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}


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	Year = {2006}}

@phdthesis{Dillon2011,
	Address = {College Park, MD},
	Author = {Dillon, Brian W.},
	School = {University of Maryland},
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	Year = {2011}}

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@article{open2015estimating,
  title={Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science},
  author={Open Science Collaboration and others},
  journal={Science},
  volume={349},
  number={6251},
  pages={aac4716},
  year={2015},
  publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science}
}

@article{mcshane2019abandon,
  title={Abandon statistical significance},
  author={McShane, Blakeley B. and Gal, David and Gelman, Andrew and Robert, Christian and Tackett, Jennifer L},
  journal={The American Statistician},
  volume={73},
  number={sup1},
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  year={2019},
  publisher={Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{benjamin2018redefine,
  title={Redefine statistical significance},
  author={Benjamin, Daniel J. and Berger, James O and Johannesson, Magnus and Nosek, Brian A and Wagenmakers, E-J and Berk, Richard and Bollen, Kenneth A and Brembs, Bj{\"o}rn and Brown, Lawrence and Camerer, Colin and others},
  journal={Nature Human Behaviour},
  volume={2},
  number={1},
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  publisher={Nature Publishing Group}
}


@article{Engelmanna,
abstract = {We explore the interaction between oculomotor control and language comprehension on the sentence level using two well-tested computational ac- counts of parsing difficulty. Previous work (Boston, Hale, Vasishth, & Kliegl, 2011) has shown that surprisal (Hale, 2001; Levy, 2008) and cue-based mem- ory retrieval (Lewis & Vasishth, 2005) are significant and complementary predictors of reading time in an eyetracking corpus. It remains an open question how the sentence processor interacts with oculomotor control. Using a simple linking hypothesis proposed in Reichle, Warren, and McConnell (2009), we integrated both measures with the eye movement model EMMA (Salvucci, 2001) inside the cognitive architecture ACT-R (Anderson et al., 2004). We built a reading model that could initiate short “Time Out 
regressions” (Mitchell, Shen, Green, & Hodgson, 2008) that compensate for slow postlexical processing. This simple interaction enabled the model to predict the re-reading of words based on parsing difficulty. The model was evaluated in different configurations on the prediction of frequency effects on the Potsdam Sentence Corpus. The extension of EMMA with postlexical processing improved its predictions and reproduced re-reading rates and durations with a reasonable fit to the data. This demonstration, based on simple and independently motivated assumptions, serves as a foundational step toward a precise investigation of the interaction between high-level language processing and eye movement control.},
author = {Engelmann, Felix and Vasishth, Shravan and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold},
journal = {Topics in Cognitive Science},
title = {{A framework for modeling the interaction of syntactic processing and eye movement control}},
year = {2013},
volume={5},
number={3},
pages={452-474},
publisher={Wiley Online Library},
pdf = {http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~vasishth/pdfs/EngelmannVasishthEngbertKliegl2013.pdf}
}

@unpublished{BuerkiEtAl2020,
title={Picture naming in the context of semantically related distractors: {A Bayesian meta-analysis 40 years after Lupker’s first reaction time study}},
  author={Audrey B{\"u}rki and Shereen Elbuy and Sylvain Madec and Shravan Vasishth},
  year = {2020},
  OPTpdf = {},
  note = {Submitted},
  OPTjournal = {Journal of Memory and Language}
  }


@article{NicenboimRoettgeretal,
  Author = {Bruno Nicenboim and Timo B. Roettger and Shravan Vasishth},
  Title = {Using meta-analysis for evidence synthesis: {The case of incomplete neutralization in German}},
  Year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Phonetics},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2018.06.001},
  url = {https://osf.io/g5ndw/},
  pdf = {https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https://osf.io/4k25w/?action=download%26mode=render},
  volume = {70},
  pages = {39-55}
  }

	
@article{JaegerEngelmannVasishth2017,
  Author = {J{\"a}ger, Lena A. and Engelmann, Felix and Vasishth, Shravan},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2017.01.004},
  Title = {Similarity-based interference in sentence comprehension: {Literature review and Bayesian meta-analysis}},
  pdf = {http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~vasishth/pdfs/JaegerEngelmannVasishthJML2017.pdf},
  abstract = {We report a comprehensive review of the published reading studies on retrieval interference in reflexive-/reciprocal-antecedent and subject-verb dependencies. We also provide a quantitative random-effects meta-analysis of self-paced and eyetracking reading studies. We show that the empirical evidence is only partly consistent with cue-based retrieval as implemented in the ACT-R-based model of sentence processing by Lewis \& Vasishth 2005 (LV05) and that there are important differences between the reviewed dependency types. In non-agreement subject-verb dependencies, there is evidence for inhibitory interference in configurations where the correct dependent fully matches the retrieval cues. This is consistent with the LV05 cue-based retrieval account. By contrast, in subject-verb agreement as well as in reflexive-/reciprocal-antecedent dependencies, no evidence for interference is found in configurations with a fully cue-matching subject. In configurations with only a partially cue-matching subject or antecedent, the meta-analysis revealed facilitatory interference in subject-verb agreement and inhibitory interference in reflexives/reciprocals. The former is consistent with the LV05 account, but the latter is not. Moreover, the meta-analysis revealed that  (i) interference type (proactive versus retroactive) leads to different effects in the reviewed dependency types; and (ii) the prominence of the distractor has an important impact on the interference effect. 
In sum, the meta-analysis suggests that the LV05 needs important modifications to account for (i) the unexplained interference patterns and (ii) the differences between the dependency types. More generally, the meta-analysis provides a quantitative empirical basis for comparing the predictions of competing accounts of retrieval processes in sentence comprehension.},
  Year = {2017},
  volume = {94},
  pages = {316-339},
  journal={Journal of Memory and Language},
  code = {https://github.com/vasishth/MetaAnalysisJaegerEngelmannVasishth2017}
  }

@article{JaegerEngelmannVasishth2015,
	Author = {J{\"a}ger, Lena A. and Engelmann, Felix and Vasishth, Shravan},
	Journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	Number = {617},
	Title = {Retrieval interference in reflexive processing: {E}xperimental evidence from {M}andarin, and computational modeling},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{MaetzigEtAlTopiCS,
  title={A computational investigation of sources of variability in sentence comprehension difficulty in aphasia},
  author={M{\"a}tzig, Paul and Vasishth, Shravan and Engelmann, Felix and Caplan, David and Burchert, Frank},
  journal={Topics in Cognitive Science},
  note = {Allen Newell Best Student-Led Paper Award at MathPsych/ICCM 2017},
  volume={10},
  number={1},
  pages={161--174},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}


  @article{PatilVasishthLewis2015,
 author = {Patil, Umesh and Vasishth, Shravan and Lewis, Richard L.},
 title = {Retrieval interference in syntactic processing: {The case of reflexive binding in English}},
 journal={Frontiers in Psychology},
 year={2016},
 doi = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00329/full},
 code = {http://cogsci.uni-osnabrueck.de/~upatil/src/Reflexives-Data-Analysis.zip}
 }

@incollection{Caplan2012,
  title={Resource reduction accounts of syntactically based comprehension disorders},
  author={David Caplan},
  editor={Thompson, Cynthia K. and Bastiannse, R.},
  booktitle={Perspectives on agrammatism},
  pages={34--48},
  year={2012},
  publisher={Psychology Press}
}

@article{CaplanEtAl2015,
  title={Mechanisms underlying syntactic comprehension deficits in vascular aphasia: {N}ew evidence from self-paced listening},
  author={Caplan, David and Michaud, Jennifer and Hufford, Rebecca},
  journal={Cognitive Neuropsychology},
  volume={32},
  number={5},
  pages={283--313},
  year={2015},
  publisher={Taylor \& Francis}
}


@article{BurkhardtEtAl2003,
    title={The role of the anterior left hemisphere in real-time sentence comprehension: Evidence from split intransitivity},
    author={Burkhardt, Petra and Pi{\~n}ango, Maria Mercedes and Wong, Keng},
    journal={Brain and Language},
    volume={86},
    number={1},
    pages={9--22},
    year={2003},
    publisher={Elsevier}
}



@article{PatilEtAl2016,
			Author = {Umesh Patil and Sandra Hanne and Frank Burchert and Ria {De~Bleser} and Shravan Vasishth},
			year = {2016},
			volume={40}, 
			OPTissue={1}, 
			pages={5–50},
			journal = {Cognitive Science},
			Title = {{A computational evaluation of sentence comprehension deficits in aphasia}},
			pdf = {http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~vasishth/pdfs/PatilEtAlCogSci2014.pdf},
			abstract = {Individuals with agrammatic Broca's aphasia experience difficulty when processing reversible non-canonical sentences.  Different accounts have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. The Trace Deletion account attributes this deficit to an impairment in syntactic representations, whereas others propose that the underlying structural representations are unimpaired, but sentence comprehension is affected by processing deficits, such as slow lexical activation, reduction in memory resources, slowed processing and/or intermittent deficiency,  among others. We test the claims of two processing accounts, slowed processing and intermittent deficiency, and two versions of the Trace Deletion Hypothesis, in a computational framework for sentence processing  implemented in ACT-R. The assumption of slowed processing is operationalized as slow procedural memory, so that each processing action is performed slower than normal, and intermittent deficiency as extra noise in the procedural memory, so that the parsing steps are more noisy than normal. We operationalize the Trace Deletion Hypothesis as an absence of trace information in the parse tree. To test the predictions of the models implementing these theories, we use the data from a German sentence-picture matching study reported in \citeA{Hanne-EtAl-2011}. The data consists of offline (sentence-picture matching accuracies and response times) and online (eye fixation proportions) measures. From among the models considered, the model assuming that both slowed processing and intermittent deficiency are present emerges as the best model of  sentence processing difficulty in aphasia. The modeling of individual differences suggests that, if we assume that patients have both slowed processing and intermittent deficiency, they have them in differing degrees.},
			doi={10.1111/cogs.12250},
			code = {http://cogsci.uni-osnabrueck.de/~upatil/src/Patil-EtAl-2014-AphasiaModels.zip}
			}

@phdthesis{dillon2011structured,
  title={Structured access in sentence comprehension},
  author={Dillon, Brian W.},
  year={2011},
  school={Maryland},
  OPTaddress={}
}

@article{PatilVasishthLewis2016,
	Author = {Patil, Umesh and Vasishth, Shravan and Lewis, Richard L.},
	Title = {Retrieval interference in syntactic processing: {T}he case of reflexive binding in {E}nglish},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	volume ={7},
	number ={329},
	Year = {2016}}

@article{ClacksonHeyer2014,
	Author = {Clackson, Kaili and Heyer, Vera},
	Journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	Number = {904},
	Title = {Reflexive anaphor resolution in spoken language comprehension: {S}tructural constraints and beyond},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2014}}

@manual{R2009,
	Address = {Vienna},
	Author = {{R Development Core Team}},
	Title = {R: {A} Language and Environment for Statistical Computing},
	Year = {2009}}

@manual{R2014,
	Address = {Vienna, Austria},
	Author = {{R Core Team}},
	Date-Modified = {2016-01-31 15:02:50 +0000},
	Organization = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
	Title = {R: {A} Language and Environment for Statistical Computing},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.R-project.org/}}


  @Manual{R2016 ,
    title = {R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing},
    author = {{R Core Team}},
    organization = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
    address = {Vienna, Austria},
    year = {2016},
    url = {https://www.R-project.org/},
  }

@article{glass76,
  title={Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research},
  author={Glass, Gene V},
  journal={Educational researcher},
  pages={3--8},
  year={1976},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}


@book{Gelman14,
	Author = {Andrew Gelman and John B. Carlin and Hal S. Stern and  David B. Dunson and Aki Vehtari and Donald B. Rubin},
	Edition = {Third},
	Publisher = {Chapman and Hall/CRC},
	Title = {Bayesian Data Analysis},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{vehtari2012survey,
  title={A survey of {B}ayesian predictive methods for model assessment, selection and comparison},
  author={Vehtari, Aki and Ojanen, Janne and others},
  journal={Statistics Surveys},
  volume={6},
  pages={142--228},
  year={2012},
  publisher={The author, under a Creative Commons Attribution License}
}

@article{vehtari2016LOOwaic,
  title={{Practical Bayesian model evaluation using leave-one-out cross-validation and WAIC}},
  author={Vehtari, Aki and Gelman, Andrew and Gabry, Jonah},
  journal={Statistics and Computing},
  volume={27},
  number={5},
  pages={1413--1432},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@book{mclachlan2004finite,
  title={Finite mixture models},
  author={McLachlan, Geoffrey and Peel, David},
  year={2004},
  publisher={John Wiley \& Sons}
}

@book{fruhwirth2006finite,
  title={Finite mixture and Markov switching models},
  author={Fr{\"u}hwirth-Schnatter, Sylvia},
  year={2006},
  publisher={Springer Science \& Business Media}
}

@book{spiegelhalter2013norm,
  title={The Norm chronicles: {S}tories and numbers about danger},
  author={Spiegelhalter, David and Blastland, Michael},
  year={2013},
  publisher={Profile Books}
}

@inproceedings{VasishthChopinRyderNicenboimCogSci2017,
  Author = {Vasishth, Shravan and Chopin, Nicolas and Ryder, Robin and Nicenboim, Bruno},
  Title={Modelling dependency completion in sentence comprehension as a {B}ayesian hierarchical mixture process: {A} case study involving {C}hinese relative clauses},
  url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1702.00564},
  abstract = {We present a case-study demonstrating the usefulness of Bayesian hierarchical mixture modelling for investigating cognitive processes. In sentence comprehension, it is widely assumed that the distance between linguistic co-dependents affects the latency of dependency resolution: the longer the distance, the longer the retrieval time (the distance-based account). An alternative theory, direct-access, assumes that retrieval times are a mixture of two distributions: one distribution represents successful retrievals (these are independent of dependency distance) and the other represents an initial failure to retrieve the correct dependent, followed by a reanalysis that leads to successful retrieval. We implement both models as Bayesian hierarchical models and show that the direct-access model explains Chinese relative clause reading time data better than the distance account.},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Conference},
  address = {London, UK},
  Year = {2017}
  }


@book{gelmanhill07,
	Address = {Cambridge, UK},
	Author = {Andrew Gelman and Jennifer Hill},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Data Analysis using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{Heister2011,
	Author = {Heister, Julian and W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael and Bubenzer, Johannes and Pohl, Edmund and Hanneforth, Thomas and Geyken, Alexander and Kliegl, Reinhold},
	Journal = {{P}sychologische {R}undschau},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {10--20},
	Title = {{dlexDB} -- eine lexikalische {D}atenbank f{\"u}r die psychologische und linguistische {F}orschung},
	Volume = {62},
	Year = {2011}}

@incollection{Clifton2007,
	Address = {Oxford, UK},
	Author = {Clifton, Charles and Staub, Adrian and Rayner, Keith},
	Booktitle = {Eye Movements: {A} Window on Mind and Brain},
	Chapter = {15},
	Editor = {{Van Gompel}, Roger P.G. and Fischer, Martin H. and Murray, Wayne S. and Hill, Robin L.},
	Pages = {341--372},
	Publisher = {Elsevier},
	Title = {Eye movements in reading words and sentences},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{berman2009search,
  title={In search of decay in verbal short-term memory.},
  author={Berman, Marc G and Jonides, John and Lewis, Richard L.},
  journal={Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},
  volume={35},
  number={2},
  pages={317},
  year={2009},
  publisher={American Psychological Association}
}

@article{behaghel1930wortstellung,
  title={Zur {W}ortstellung des {D}eutschen},
  author={Behaghel, Otto},
  journal={Language},
  pages={29--33},
  year={1930},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}


@article{hoenigheisey,
	Author = {John M. Hoenig and Dennis M. Heisey},
	Journal = {The American Statistician},
	Pages = {19--24},
	Title = {The Abuse of Power: {T}he pervasive fallacy of power     calculations for data analysis},
	Volume = {55},
  issue = {1},
	Year = 2001}


@Article{MoreyEtAl2015,
  Title                    = {The fallacy of placing confidence in confidence intervals},
  Author                   = {Morey, Richard D. and Hoekstra, Rink and Rouder, Jeffrey N. and Lee, Michael D. and Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Doi                      = {10.3758/s13423-015-0947-8},
  ISSN                     = {1531-5320},
  Month                    = {Oct},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0947-8},

  File                     = {:morey et al 2015.pdf:PDF},
  Journal                  = {Psychonomic Bulletin \& Review},
  Publisher                = {Springer}
}


@article {WileyVME2012,
author = {Vasishth, Shravan and {von~der~Malsburg}, Titus and Engelmann, Felix},
title = {What eye movements can tell us about sentence comprehension},
journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science},
publisher = {John Wiley & Sons, Inc.},
issn = {1939-5086},
abstract = {Eye movement data have proven to be very useful for investigating human
sentence processing.Eyetracking research has addressed a wide range of questions,
such as recovery mechanisms following garden-pathing, the timing of processes
driving comprehension, the role of anticipation and expectation in parsing, the
role of semantic, pragmatic, and prosodic information, and so on. However, there
are some limitations regarding the inferences that can be made on the basis of eye
movements. One relates to the nontrivial interaction between parsing and the eye
movement control system which complicates the interpretation of eye movement
data. Detailed computational models that integrate parsing with eye movement
control theories have the potential to unpack the complexity of eyemovement data
and can therefore aid in the interpretation of eye movements. Another limitation
is the difficulty of capturing spatiotemporal patterns in eye movements using the
traditional word-based eyetracking measures. Recent research has demonstrated
the relevance of these patterns and has shown how they can be analyzed. In this
review, we focus on reading, and present examples demonstrating how eye movement
data reveal what events unfold when the parser runs into difficulty, and how
the parsing system interacts with eye movement control},
pdf = {http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~vasishth/pdfs/VasishthEtAl2013WIRES.pdf},
pages = {125--134},
year = {2012},
}


@inproceedings{LaurinavichyuteCUNY2015,
	Address = {Los Angeles, CA},
	Author = {Laurinavichyute, Anna and J{\"a}ger, Lena A. and Akinina, Yulia and Benz, Lena and Dragoy, Olga},
	Booktitle = {{28th Annual {CUNY} Conference on Human Sentence Processing}},
	Pages = {140},
	Publisher = {University of Southern California},
	Title = {Teasing apart retrieval and encoding interference in Russian reflexives},
	Year = {2015}}

@incollection{fox1998,
	Address = {Cambridge, MA},
	Author = {Fox, Danny},
	Booktitle = {Is the Best Good Enough? {O}ptimality and Competition in Syntax},
	Editor = {Pilar Barbosa and Danny Fox and Paul Hagstrom and Martha McGinnis and David Pesetsky},
	Pages = {129--155},
	Publisher = {MIT Press},
	Title = {Locality in variable binding},
	Year = {1998}}

@book{heim1998,
	Address = {Oxford, UK},
	Author = {Heim, Irene and Kratzer, Angelika},
	Publisher = {Blackwell},
	Title = {Semantics in Generative Grammar},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{gro93,
	Author = {Yosef Grodzinsky and Tanya Reinhart},
	Journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {69--101},
	Title = {The innateness of binding and coreference},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {1993}}

@incollection{reinhart2000,
	Address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
	Author = {Tanya Reinhart},
	Booktitle = {Interface Strategies},
	Editor = {Hans Bennis and Martin Everaert and Eric J. Reuland},
	Pages = {295--325},
	Publisher = {Royal Academy of Sciences},
	Title = {Strategies of anaphora resolution},
	Year = {2000}}

@book{holmes1994,
	Address = {New York, NY},
	Author = {Holmes, Philip and Hinchliffe, Ian},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {Swedish. {A} Comprehensive Grammar},
	Year = {1994}}

@incollection{kaiser2003,
	Address = {Stanford, CA},
	Author = {Kaiser, Elsi},
	Booktitle = {Generative Approaches to {F}innic and {S}aami Linguistics},
	Editor = {Diane Nelson and Satu Manninen},
	Pages = {269--293},
	Publisher = {CSLI Publications},
	Title = {Encoding (non)locality in anaphoric relations},
	Year = {2003}}

@book{Reuland2011,
	Address = {Cambridge, MA},
	Author = {Reuland, Eric},
	Publisher = {MIT Press},
	Title = {Anaphora and Language Design},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{Fedorenko2006,
	Author = {Fedorenko, Evelina and Gibson, Edward and Rohde, Douglas},
	Journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
	Pages = {541--553},
	Title = {The nature of working memory capacity in sentence comprehension: {E}vidence against domain specific resources},
	Volume = {54},
	Year = {2006}}

@book{Chomsky1981,
	Address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands},
	Author = {Chomsky, Noam},
	Publisher = {Foris},
	Title = {Lectures on Government and Binding},
	Year = {1981}}

@article{Gordon2004,
	Author = {Gordon, Peter C. and Hendrick, Randall and Johnson, Marcus},
	Journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
	Pages = {97--114},
	Title = {Effects of noun phrase type on sentence complexity},
	Volume = {51},
	Year = {2004}}

@book{Elbourne2005,
	Address = {Cambridge, MA},
	Author = {Elbourne, P. D.},
	Publisher = {MIT Press},
	Series = {Current Studies in Linguistics},
	Title = {Situations and Individuals},
	Volume = {41},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{Longobardi1994,
	Author = {Longobardi, G.},
	Journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {609--665},
	Title = {Reference and proper names: {A} theory of {N}-movement in syntax and logical form},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{MartinMcElree2008,
	Author = {Martin, Andrea E. and McElree, Brian},
	Journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
	Pages = {879--906},
	Title = {A content-addressable pointer mechanism underlies comprehension of verb-phrase ellipsis},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2008}}

@unpublished{SchadEtAlWorkflow,
  Author = {Daniel J. Schad and Michael Betancourt and Shravan Vasishth},
  Note = {Unpublished manuscript},
  Title = {Towards a principled {B}ayesian workflow: {A} tutorial for cognitive science},
  Year = {2019},
  pdf = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.12765}
}


@article{NicenboimRetrieval2018,
title={Models of retrieval in sentence comprehension: {A} computational evaluation using {B}ayesian hierarchical modeling},
  author={Bruno Nicenboim and Shravan Vasishth},
  abstract = {Research on similarity-based interference has provided extensive evidence that the formation of dependencies between non-adjacent words relies on a cue-based retrieval mechanism. There are two different models that can account for one of the main predictions of interference, i.e., a slowdown at a retrieval site, when several items share a feature associated with a retrieval cue: Lewis and Vasishth’s (2005) activation-based model and McElree’s (2000) direct access model. Even though these two models have been used almost interchangeably, they are based on different assumptions and predict differences in the relationship between reading times and response accuracy. The activation-based model follows the assumptions of the ACT-R framework, and its retrieval process behaves as a lognormal race between accumulators of evidence with a single variance. Under this model, accuracy of the retrieval is determined by the winner of the race and retrieval time by its rate of accumulation. In contrast, the direct access model assumes a model of memory where only the probability of retrieval can be affected, while the retrieval time is constant; in this model, differences in latencies are a by-product of the possibility of backtracking and repairing incorrect retrievals. We implemented both models in a Bayesian hierarchical framework in order to evaluate them and compare them. We show that some aspects of the data are better fit under the direct access model than under the activation-based model. We suggest that this finding does not rule out the possibility that retrieval may be behaving as a race model with assumptions that follow less closely the ones from the ACT-R framework. We show that by introducing a modification of the activation model, i.e, by assuming that the accumulation of evidence for retrieval of incorrect items is not only slower but noisier (i.e., different variances for the correct and incorrect items), the model can provide a fit as good as the one of the direct access model.},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2017.08.004},
  code = {http://bit.ly/NicenboimVasishthStanCon2017},
  pdf = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X16301577},
  pages = {1-34},
  volume = {99},
  journal = {Journal of Memory and Language}
}


@Inproceedings{NicenboimVasishth2017StanCon,
  Title                    = {Models of Retrieval in Sentence Comprehension},
  Author                   = {Nicenboim, Bruno and Shravan Vasishth},
  Booktitle                = {Proceedings of the {First Stan Conference, StanCon}},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Location                 = {Columbia University, New York, NY, USA},
  url                      = {http://bit.ly/NicenboimVasishthStanCon2017}
}

@article{parker2016negative,
  title={Negative polarity illusions and the format of hierarchical encodings in memory},
  author={Parker, Daniel and Phillips, Colin},
  journal={Cognition},
  volume={157},
  pages={321--339},
  year={2016},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}


@unpublished{NicenboimRetrieval2017,
title={Models of retrieval in sentence comprehension: {A} computational evaluation using {B}ayesian hierarchical modeling},
  author={Bruno Nicenboim and Shravan Vasishth},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.04174},
  note={arXiv eprint},
  abstract = {Research on similarity-based interference has provided extensive evidence that the formation of dependencies between non-adjacent words relies on a cue-based retrieval mechanism. There are two different models that can account for one of the main predictions of interference, i.e., a slowdown at a retrieval site, when several items share a feature associated with a retrieval cue: Lewis and Vasishth’s (2005) activation-based model and McElree’s (2000) direct access model. Even though these two models have been used almost interchangeably, they are based on different assumptions and predict differences in the relationship between reading times and response accuracy. The activation-based model follows the assumptions of the ACT-R framework, and its retrieval process behaves as a lognormal race between accumulators of evidence with a single variance. Under this model, accuracy of the retrieval is determined by the winner of the race and retrieval time by its rate of accumulation. In contrast, the direct access model assumes a model of memory where only the probability of retrieval can be affected, while the retrieval time is constant; in this model, differences in latencies are a by-product of the possibility of backtracking and repairing incorrect retrievals. We implemented both models in a Bayesian hierarchical framework in order to evaluate them and compare them. We show that some aspects of the data are better fit under the direct access model than under the activation-based model. We suggest that this finding does not rule out the possibility that retrieval may be behaving as a race model with assumptions that follow less closely the ones from the ACT-R framework. We show that by introducing a modification of the activation model, i.e, by assuming that the accumulation of evidence for retrieval of incorrect items is not only slower but noisier (i.e., different variances for the correct and incorrect items), the model can provide a fit as good as the one of the direct access model.},
  year = {2017},
  note = {Under revision following review, Journal of Memory and Language}
}


@phdthesis{vandyke:phd,
	Address = {PA},
	Author = {Julie A. {Van~Dyke}},
	School = {University of Pittsburgh},
	Title = {Parsing as Working Memory Retrieval: {I}nterference, Decay, and Priming Effects in Long Distance Attachment},
	Year = {2002}}

@phdthesis{engelmann:phd,
	Address = {Potsdam, Germany},
	Author = {Felix Engelmann},
	School = {University of Potsdam},
	Title = {Toward an integrated model of sentence processing in reading},
	Year = {2016}
	}

@article{parker2019cue,
  title={Cue Combinatorics in Memory Retrieval for Anaphora},
  author={Parker, Daniel},
  journal={Cognitive science},
  volume={43},
  number={3},
  pages={e12715},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{rasmussen2017left,
  title={Left-Corner Parsing With Distributed Associative Memory Produces Surprisal and Locality Effects},
  author={Rasmussen, Nathan E and Schuler, William},
  journal={Cognitive science},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}


@article{linzen2016assessing,
  title={Assessing the ability of LSTMs to learn syntax-sensitive dependencies},
  author={Linzen, Tal and Dupoux, Emmanuel and Goldberg, Yoav},
  journal={Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
  volume={4},
  pages={521--535},
  year={2016},
  publisher={MIT Press}
}


@article{SmithFranckTaborCogSci2018,
  title={Semantic features unpack notional plurality in pseudopartitive agreement: {A} self-organizing approach},
  author={Garrett Smith and Julie Franck and Whitney Tabor},
  year={2018},
  volume={42},
  pages={1043--1074},
  journal = {Cognitive Science}
}

@article{anderson1974retrieval,
  title={Retrieval of propositional information from long-term memory},
  author={Anderson, John R},
  journal={Cognitive Psychology},
  volume={6},
  number={4},
  pages={451--474},
  year={1974},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{cho2017incremental,
  title={Incremental parsing in a continuous dynamical system: 
  {S}entence processing in {Gradient Symbolic Computation}},
  author={Cho, Pyeong Whan and Goldrick, Matthew and Smolensky, Paul},
  journal={Linguistics Vanguard},
  volume={3},
  number={1},
  year={2017},
  publisher={De Gruyter Mouton}
}

@article{rasmussen2018left,
  title={Left-Corner Parsing With Distributed Associative Memory Produces Surprisal and Locality Effects},
  author={Rasmussen, Nathan E and Schuler, William},
  journal={Cognitive science},
  volume={42},
  pages={1009--1042},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}


@unpublished{Williamsetal2019,
  Author = {Donald R. Williams and Jeffrey N. Rouder and Phillipe Rast},
  Title = {Beneath the Surface: {U}nearthing Within-Person Variability and Mean Relations with {B}ayesian Mixed Models},
  Note = {Unpublished draft},
  Year = {2019}}




@unpublished{EngelmannJaegerVasishthSubmitted2018,
  Author = {Engelmann, Felix and J{\"a}ger, Lena A. and Vasishth, Shravan},
  Note = {Manuscript submitted to Cognitive Science},
  Title = {The effect of prominence and cue association in retrieval processes: {A} computational account},
  pdf = {https://osf.io/b56qv/},
  abstract = {
We present a model of cue-based retrieval in sentence processing that formalizes (i) memory accessibility (prominence) and (ii) a theory of associative cues as extensions to the ACT-R model of Lewis and Vasishth (2005). The extensions are independently motivated and, compared to the original model, enable more differentiated predictions with respect to the experimental design of individual experiments as well as differences between retrieval contexts. The predictions of the original and the extended model are compared with the results of a comprehensive Bayesian meta-analysis of published studies on retrieval interference in reflexive-/reciprocal-antecedent and subject-verb dependencies (Jäger, Engelmann, Vasishth, submitted). Quantitative simulations show that the extended model accounts for effects that are outside the scope of the original model. The results emphasize the importance of accounting for different aspects of memory accessibility, for individual study design, and context-based feature-selectivity in order to generate accurate predictions of a model of cue-based memory retrieval. The simulation results thus shed new light on the cognitive mechanisms un- derlying interference effects and should be considered in the interpretation of the available data and in the design of future experiments.},
  Year = {2019}}


@unpublished{VasishthEngelmann2018,
  title={Sentence comprehension as a cognitive process: {A} computational approach},
  author={Shravan Vasishth and Felix Engelmann},
  year={to appear},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press},
  url = {https://vasishth.github.io/sccp/}
}

@article{parker2017cue,
  title={The cue-based retrieval theory of sentence comprehension: New findings and new challenges},
  author={Parker, Daniel and Shvartsman, Michael and Van Dyke, Julie A},
  journal={Language processing and disorders},
  pages={121--144},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Cambridge Scholars Publishing Newcastle}
}


@article{NicenboimEtAlFrontiers2016Capacity,
  author = {Bruno Nicenboim and Pavel Loga{\v c}ev and Carolina Gattei and Shravan Vasishth},
  title = {When high-capacity readers slow down and low-capacity readers speed up: {W}orking memory differences in unbounded dependencies},
  year = {2016},
  volume={7},      
  number={280},     
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  abstract={We examined the effects of argument-head distance in SVO and SOV languages (Spanish and German), while taking into account readers’ working memory capacity and controlling for expectation (Levy, 2008) and other factors. We predicted only locality effects, that is, a slow-down produced by increased dependency distance (Gibson, 2000; Lewis & Vasishth, 2005). Furthermore, we expected stronger locality effects for readers with low working memory capacity. Contrary to our predictions, low-capacity readers showed faster reading with increased distance, while high-capacity readers showed locality effects. We suggest that while the locality effects are compatible with memory-based explanations, the speedup of low-capacity readers can be explained by an increased probability of retrieval failure. We present a computational model based on ACT-R built under the previous assumptions, which is able to give a qualitative account for the present data and can be tested in future research. Our results suggest that in some cases, interpreting longer RTs as indexing increased processing difficulty and shorter RTs as facilitation may be too simplistic: The same increase in processing difficulty may lead to slowdowns in high-capacity readers and speedups in low-capacity ones. Ignoring individual level capacity differences when investigating locality effects may lead to misleading conclusions.},
  doi={10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00280},      
  issn={1664-1078},      
  pdf = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00280/abstract}
  }


@article{NicenboimEtAl2015article,
  author = {Bruno Nicenboim and Shravan Vasishth and Reinhold Kliegl and Carolina Gattei and Mariano Sigman},
  title = {Working memory differences in long distance dependency resolution},
  pdf = {http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~nicenboim/bib/NicenboimEtAl2015-differences.pdf},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00312/abstract},
  abstract = {There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects; these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000; activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation-based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory-based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component.}
}


@article{VanDyke2003,
	Author = {{Van Dyke}, Julie A. and Lewis, Richard L.},
	Journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
	Pages = {285--316},
	Title = {Distinguishing effects of structure and decay on attachment and repair: {A} cue-based parsing account of recovery from misanalyzed ambiguities},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {2003}}

@unpublished{VasishthNicenboimStatMeth,
	Author = {Shravan Vasishth and Bruno Nicenboim},
	code = {https://github.com/vasishth/VasishthNicenboimPart1},
	Title = {Statistical methods for linguistic research: {F}oundational Ideas -- {P}art {I}},
	Year = {2016},
	abstract = {We present the fundamental ideas underlying statistical hypothesis testing using the frequentist framework. We start with a simple example that builds up the one-sample t-test from the beginning, explaining important concepts such as the sampling distribution of the sample mean, and the iid assumption. Then we examine the meaning of the p-value in detail, and discuss several important misconceptions about what a p-value does and does not tell us. This leads to a discussion of Type I, II error and power, and Type S and M error. An important conclusion from this discussion is that one should aim to carry out appropriately powered studies.  Next, we discuss two common issues we have encountered in psycholinguistics and linguistics: running experiments until significance is reached, and the ``garden-of-forking-paths'' problem discussed by Gelman and others. The best way to use frequentist methods is to run appropriately powered studies, check model assumptions, clearly separate exploratory data analysis from planned comparisons decided upon before the study was run, and always attempt to replicate results.},
	pdf = {http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~vasishth/pdfs/StateMethLingPart1.pdf}
	}	

@article{kochari2018lexical,
  title={Lexical prediction in language comprehension: {A} replication study of grammatical gender effects in {D}utch},
  author={Kochari, Arnold and Flecken, Monique},
  year={2018},
  publisher={PsyArXiv}
}

@article{VasishthMertzenJaegerGelman2018,
  Author = {Vasishth, Shravan and Mertzen, Daniela and J\"ager, Lena A. and Gelman, Andrew},
  journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
  url = {https://osf.io/eyphj},  
  Title = {The statistical significance filter leads to overoptimistic expectations of replicability},
  Year = {2018},
  volume = {103},
  pages = {151--175}
  }

  @article{dotlavcil2018building,
  title={Building an {ACT-R} Reader for Eye-Tracking Corpus Data},
  author={Dotla{\v{c}}il, Jakub},
  journal={Topics in {Cognitive Science}},
  volume={10},
  number={1},
  pages={144--160},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@inproceedings{JaegerMertzenVanDykeVasishth2018,
  Author = {J\"ager, Lena A. and Mertzen, Daniela and Van Dyke, Julie A. and Vasishth, Shravan},
  OPTurl = {},  
  Title = {CONTRASTING FACILITATION PROFILES FOR AGREEMENT AND REFLEXIVES REVISITED: {A} LARGE-SCALE EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF THE CUE-BASED RETRIEVAL MODEL},
  Year = {2018},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of {AMLaP}},
  address = {Berlin, Germany}
  }

@article{Jaegeretal2015,
 author = {J\"{a}ger, Lena A. and Chen, Zhong and Li, Qiang and Lin, Chien-Jer Charles and Vasishth, Shravan},
 title = {The subject-relative advantage in {C}hinese: {E}vidence for expectation-based processing},
 abstract={Chinese relative clauses are an important test case for pitting the predictions of expectation-based accounts against those of memory-based theories. The memory-based accounts predict that object relatives are easier to process than subject relatives because, in object relatives, the distance between the relative clause verb and the head  noun is shorter. By contrast, expectation-based accounts such as surprisal predict that the less frequent object relative should be harder to process. In previous studies on  Chinese relative clause comprehension, local ambiguities may have rendered a comparison  between relative clause types uninterpretable. We designed experimental materials in which no local ambiguities confound the comparison. We ran two experiments (self-paced reading  and eye-tracking) to compare reading difficulty in subject and object relatives which were  placed either in subject or object modifying position. The evidence from our studies is consistent with the predictions of expectation-based accounts but not with those of memory-based theories.},
 keywords={Sentence processing, Relative clause, Structural expectation, Working-memory, Surprisal, Chinese},
 OPTdoi={10.1016/j.jml.2014.10.005},
 data = {http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~jaeger/publications/JaegerChenLiLinVasishth2015_data.zip},
 pdf = {http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~vasishth/pdfs/JaegerChenLiLinVasishth2015.pdf},
 journal={Journal of Memory and Language},
 volume={79--80},
 pages={97--120},
 year = {2015}
}


@unpublished{NicenboimPreactivation2019,
title={Are words pre-activated probabilistically during sentence comprehension? Evidence from new data and a {B}ayesian random-effects meta-analysis using publicly available data},
  author={Bruno Nicenboim and Shravan Vasishth and Frank R{\"o}sler},
  year = {2019},
  pdf = {https://psyarxiv.com/2atrh/}
  }



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@article{PollardSag1992,
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	Year = {1992}}

@book{PollardSag1994,
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	Title = {Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{Xu1993,
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@inproceedings{philip92leftcorner,
	Address = {address not known},
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	Url = {Available from http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/56865.html},
	Year = {1992},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {Available%20from%20http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/56865.html}}


@inproceedings{Zaenen2004,
	Address = {Stroudsburg, PA},
	Author = {Zaenen, A. and Carletta, J. and Garretson, G. and Bresnan, J. and Koontz-Garboden, A. and Nikitina, T. and O'Connor, M.C. and Wasow, T.},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the {A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics {W}orkshop on {D}iscourse {A}nnotation},
	Pages = {118--125},
	Publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
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	Year = {2004}}


@book{lynch2007introduction,
  title={Introduction to applied {B}ayesian statistics and estimation for social scientists},
  author={Lynch, Scott Michael},
  year={2007},
  publisher={Springer}
}


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@article{Marslen-Wilson1975,
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	Year = {1973}}

@article{CaplanWaters1999,
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@article{WatersCaplan1996,
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@article{KingJust1991,
	Author = {King, J. and Just, M. A.},
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	Volume = {30},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{Abney1989,
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	Year = {1989}}

@article{FerreiraClifton1986,
	Author = {Ferreira, Fernanda and Clifton, Charles},
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	Volume = {25},
	Year = {1986}}

@article{RaynerCarlsonFrazier1983,
	Author = {Rayner, K. and Carlson, M. and Frazier, L.},
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	Volume = {22},
	Year = {1983}}

@article{Stevenson1994,
	Author = {Stevenson, Suzanne},
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	Year = {1994}}

@book{Pritchett1992,
	Address = {Chicago, IL},
	Author = {Pritchett, B. L.},
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	Year = {1992}}

@book{Crocker1995,
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	Year = {1995}}

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	Year = {1996}}

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	Year = {1995}}

@article{MitchellHolmes1985,
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	Volume = {24},
	Year = {1985}}

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	Year = {1999}}

@article{Trueswell1996,
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	Volume = {35},
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@article{McRaeSpivey-KnowltonTanenhaus1998,
	Author = {McRae, Ken and Spivey-Knowlton, Michael J. and Tanenhaus, Michael K.},
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@article{AltmannKamide1999,
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	Volume = {31},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Kamide2003,
	Author = {Kamide, Y. and Altmann, G. T. M. and Haywood, S. L.},
	Journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
	Pages = {133--156},
	Title = {The time-course of prediction in incremental sentence processing: E{v}idence from anticipatory eye movements},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{Huettig2015,
	Author = {Huettig, Falk},
	Journal = {Brain Research},
	Note = {In press},
	Title = {Four central questions about prediction in language processing},
	Year = {2015}}

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	Author = {Ehrlich, S. E. and Rayner, K.},
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	Volume = {20},
	Year = {1981}}

@article{StaubClifton2006,
	Author = {Staub, A. and Clifton, C.},
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@article{McDonaldShillcock2003,
	Author = {McDonald, S. A. and Shillcock, R. C.},
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	Volume = {43},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{FedermeierKutas1999,
	Author = {Federmeier, K.D. and Kutas, M.},
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	Volume = {41},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{VanBerkum2005,
	Author = {Van Berkum, J. J. A. and Brown, C. M. and Zwitserlood, P. and Kooijman, V. and Hagoort, P.},
	Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: {L}earning, Memory, and Cognition},
	Pages = {443--467},
	Title = {Anticipating upcoming words in discourse: {E}vidence from {ERP}s and reading times},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{KaiserTrueswell2004,
	Author = {Kaiser, E. and Trueswell, J. C.},
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	Year = {2004}}

@article{DeLong2005,
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	Year = {2005}}

@unpublished{BatesEtAlParsimonious,
  Author = {Bates, Douglas M. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Vasishth, Shravan and Baayen, Harald},
  Note = {Unpublished manuscript},
	Title = {Parsimonious mixed models},
	Year = {2015},
  pdf = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1506.04967},
  	abstract = {The analysis of experimental data with mixed-effects models requires
decisions about the specification of the appropriate random-effects structure.
Recently, Barr, et al 2013, recommended  fitting `maximal'
models with all possible random effect components included.  Estimation of
maximal models, however, may not converge.  We show that failure to converge
 typically is not due to a suboptimal estimation algorithm, but is
a consequence of attempting to fit a model that is too complex to be properly
supported by the data, irrespective of whether estimation is based on maximum
likelihood or on Bayesian hierarchical modeling with uninformative or weakly
informative priors.  Importantly, even under convergence, overparameterization
may lead to uninterpretable models.  We provide diagnostic tools for detecting
overparameterization and guiding model simplification.  Finally, we clarify
that the simulations on which Barr et al. base their recommendations are
atypical for real data.  A detailed example is provided of how subject-related
attentional fluctuation across trials may further qualify
statistical inferences about fixed effects, and of how such nonlinear effects
can be accommodated within the mixed-effects modeling framework.}
}


@article{hannesBEAP,
  title={{Balancing Type I Error and Power in Linear Mixed Models}},
  author={Hannes Matuschek and Reinhold Kliegl and Shravan Vasishth and R. Harald Baayen and Douglas M. Bates},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2017.01.001},
  pdf = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X17300013},
  abstract = {Linear mixed-effects models have increasingly replaced mixed-model analyses of variance for statistical inference in factorial psycholinguistic experiments. The advantages of LMMs over ANOVAs, however, come at a cost: Setting up an LMM is not as straightforward as running an ANOVA. One simple option, when numerically possible, is to fit the full variance-covariance structure of random effects (the maximal model; Barr et al., 2013), presumably to keep Type I error down to the nominal {$\alpha$} in the presence of random effects. Although it is true that fitting a model with only random intercepts may lead to higher Type I error, fitting a maximal model also has a cost: it can lead to a significant loss of power. We demonstrate this with simulations and suggest that for typical psychological and psycholinguistic data, models with a random effect structure that is supported by the data have optimal Type I error and power properties.},
  year={2017},
  volume={94}, 
  pages={305--315},
  journal ={Journal of Memory and Language}
}


@article{LogacevVasishthQJEP2016,
	title = {Understanding underspecification: {A} comparison of two computational implementations},
	year = {2016},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},
	author = {Pavel Loga{\v c}ev and Shravan Vasishth},
	volume={69}, 
	number={5}, 
	pages={996-1012}, 
	doi={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2015.1134602},
  code = {https://github.com/plogacev/manuscript_LogacevVasishth_TQJEP_Underspecification/tree/master/Data_Swets_et_al},
	pdf = {http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~vasishth/pdfs/LogacevVasishthQJEP2016.pdf},
	abstract={Swets et al. (2008) present evidence that the so-called ambiguity advantage (Traxler et al., 1998), which has been explained in terms of the Unrestricted Race Model, can equally well be explained by assuming underspecification in ambiguous conditions driven by task-demands. Specifically, if comprehension questions require that ambiguities be resolved, the parser tends to make an attachment: when questions are about superficial aspects of the target sentence, readers tend to pursue an underspecification strategy. It is reasonable to assume that individual differences in strategy will play a significant role in the application of such strategies, so that studying average behavior may not be informative. In order to study the predictions of the good-enough processing theory, we implemented two versions of underspecification: the partial specification model (PSM), which is an implementation of the Swets et al. proposal, and a more parsimonious version, the non-specification model (NSM). We evaluate the relative fit of these two kinds of underspecification to Swets et al.’s data; as a baseline, we also fit three models that assume no underspecification. We find that a model without unspecification pro- vides a somewhat better fit than both underspecification models, while the NSM model provides a better fit than the PSM. We interpret the results as lack of unambiguous evidence in favor of underspecification; however, given that there is considerable existing evidence for good-enough processing in the literature, it is reasonable to assume that some underspecification might occur. Under this assumption, the results can be interpreted as tentative ev- idence for NSM over PSM. More generally, our work provides a method for choosing between models of real-time processes in sentence comprehension that make qualitative predictions about the relationship between several dependent variables. We believe that sentence processing research will greatly benefit from a wider use of such methods.},
	code = {https://github.com/plogacev/manuscript_LogacevVasishth_TQJEP_Underspecification}
	}

@article{LogacevVasishth2015,
  title={A Multiple-Channel Model of Task-Dependent Ambiguity Resolution in Sentence Comprehension},
  author={Loga{\v c}ev, Pavel and Vasishth, Shravan},
  journal={Cognitive Science},
  volume={40},
  number={2},
  pages={266--298},
  year={2016},
  publisher={ERIC}
}

@article{BaayenDavidsonBates2008,
	Author = {Baayen, R.~Harald and Davidson, Doug J. and Bates, Douglas M.},
	Journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {390--412},
	Title = {Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items},
	Volume = {59},
	Year = {2008}}

@book{Potts2005,
	Address = {Oxford, UK},
	Author = {Potts, Christopher},
	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	Title = {The Logic of Conventional Implicatures},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{Arnold2007,
	Author = {Arnold, Doug},
	Journal = {Journal of Linguistics},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {271--309},
	Title = {Non-restrictive relatives are not orphans},
	Volume = {43},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{Arnold2001,
	Author = {Arnold, J. E.},
	Journal = {Discourse Processes},
	Pages = {137--162},
	Title = {The effect of thematic roles on pronoun use and frequency of reference continuation},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2001}}

@incollection{Chafe1976,
	Address = {New York},
	Author = {Chafe, W. L.},
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	Title = {Givenness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects, topics, and point of view},
	Year = {1976}}

@article{FukumuraVanGompel2011,
	Author = {Fukumura, K. and {van Gompel}, R. P. G.},
	Journal = {Language and Cognitive Processes},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {1472--1504},
	Title = {The effect of animacy on the choice of referring expression},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{Gernsbacher1988,
	Author = {Gernsbacher, Morton Ann and Hargreaves, David J.},
	Journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
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	Volume = {27},
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