I have made some progress with a different approach:

#set page(width: auto, height: auto, margin: 2mm)
#set stack(dir: ltr, spacing: 2em)
#let img = rect.with(width: 2cm, height: 2cm)

#let subfigure = figure.with(caption: "", kind: "subfigure", supplement: none, numbering: "(a) ", outlined: false)

#show figure: it => {
  if it.kind == "subfigure" {
    align(bottom, it)
  } else {
    locate(loc => {
      let q = query(figure.where(kind: "subfigure").after(loc), loc)
      q.first().counter.update(0)
    })
    it
  }
}

#show ref: it => {
  if it.element != none and it.element.func() == figure and it.element.kind == "subfigure" {
    locate(loc => {
      let q = query(figure.where(outlined: true).before(it.target), loc).last()
      ref(q.label)
    })
  }
  it
}

// Actual content

#align(center)[
  #figure(
    stack(
      [#subfigure(img[Image 1], caption: "hey!") <i1>],
      [#subfigure(img[Image 2]) <i2>],
    ),
    caption: "oh"
  ) <i0>
]

@i0 contains @i1 and @i2, whereas @j0 contains @j1 and @j2.

#align(center)[
  #figure(
    stack(
      [#subfigure(img[Image 3]) <j1>],
      [#subfigure(img[Image 4], caption: "hallo") <j2>],
    ),
    caption: "ah"
  ) <j0>
]

@i0 contains @i1 and @i2, whereas @j0 contains @j1 and @j2.

Uh oh!

Subfigures #246

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