Changed PatternPositionType to aruco::PatternPositionType to explicitly specify its scope. This allows gen_java.py to correctly register disc_type, preventing constructors and methods using this enum type from being skipped during Java wrapper generation.

Related issues
#3506
opencv/opencv#23753

Pull Request Readiness Checklist

See details at https://github.com/opencv/opencv/wiki/How_to_contribute#making-a-good-pull-request

• I agree to contribute to the project under Apache 2 License.
• To the best of my knowledge, the proposed patch is not based on a code under GPL or another license that is incompatible with OpenCV
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• There is a reference to the original bug report and related work
• There is accuracy test, performance test and test data in opencv_extra repository, if applicable
  Patch to opencv_extra has the same branch name.
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