This PR aims to implement v_log(v_float16 x), v_log(v_float32 x) and v_log(v_float64 x).
Merged after #24941

TODO:

• double and half float precision
• tests for them
• doc to explain the implementation

Pull Request Readiness Checklist

See details at https://github.com/opencv/opencv/wiki/How_to_contribute#making-a-good-pull-request

• I agree to contribute to the project under Apache 2 License.
• To the best of my knowledge, the proposed patch is not based on a code under GPL or another license that is incompatible with OpenCV
• The PR is proposed to the proper branch
• There is a reference to the original bug report and related work
• There is accuracy test, performance test and test data in opencv_extra repository, if applicable
  Patch to opencv_extra has the same branch name.
• The feature is well documented and sample code can be built with the project CMake

force_builders=Linux AVX2