Redefine Opcode/Syscall price #2004
Description
Summary or problem description
As recently there has been several discussions about problems in Opcode/Syscall price definition (#1911, #1877, #1875, #1863, #1855, etc), I did a test upon opcode time costs and the result is as follows.
| Opcode | Time(microsecond) | Price | Price / Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| PUSHINT8 | 0.164 | 30 | 182.9268293 |
| PUSHINT256 | 0.164 | 120 | 731.7073171 |
| PUSHA | 0.1834 | 120 | 654.3075245 |
| PUSHNULL | 0.0717 | 30 | 418.4100418 |
| PUSHDATA1 | 0.151 | 180 | 1192.05298 |
| PUSHDATA2 | 0.151 | 13000 | 86092.71523 |
| PUSHDATA4 | 0.151 | 110000 | 728476.8212 |
| PUSHM1 | 0.1631 | 30 | 183.9362354 |
| NOP | 0.0326 | 30 | 920.2453988 |
| JMP | 0.05 | 70 | 1400 |
| JMP_L | 0.0418 | 70 | 1674.641148 |
| JMPIF | 0.0684 | 70 | 1023.391813 |
| JMPIF_L | 0.07 | 70 | 1000 |
| JMPIFNOT | 0.0706 | 70 | 991.5014164 |
| JMPIFNOT_L | 0.0736 | 70 | 951.0869565 |
| JMPEQ | 0.1045 | 70 | 669.8564593 |
| JMPEQ_L | 0.1049 | 70 | 667.3021926 |
| JMPNE | 0.1074 | 70 | 651.7690875 |
| JMPNE_L | 0.1062 | 70 | 659.13371 |
| CALL | 0.0581 | 22000 | 378657.4871 |
| CALL_L | 0.0562 | 22000 | 391459.0747 |
| CALLA | 0.2749 | 22000 | 80029.10149 |
| ABORT | NAN | 30 | NAN |
| ASSERT | 0.0616 | 30 | 487.012987 |
| THROW | 0.461 | 22000 | 47722.34273 |
| TRY | 0.1836 | 100 | 544.6623094 |
| ENDTRY | 0.053 | 100 | 1886.792453 |
| ENDFINALLY | 0.461 | 100 | 216.9197397 |
| RET | 0.0265 | 0 | 0 |
| SYSCALL | NAN | 0 | NAN |
| DEPTH | 0.1545 | 60 | 388.3495146 |
| DROP | 0.061 | 60 | 983.6065574 |
| NIP | 0.0718 | 60 | 835.6545961 |
| XDROP | 33.21 | 400 | 12.04456489 |
| CLEAR | 18 | 400 | 22.22222222 |
| DUP | 0.0691 | 60 | 868.3068017 |
| OVER | 0.0749 | 60 | 801.0680908 |
| PICK | 0.083 | 60 | 722.8915663 |
| TUCK | 0.0847 | 60 | 708.3825266 |
| SWAP | 0.0886 | 60 | 677.2009029 |
| ROT | 0.0885 | 60 | 677.9661017 |
| ROLL | 0.1193 | 400 | 3352.891869 |
| REVERSE3 | 0.0467 | 60 | 1284.796574 |
| REVERSE4 | 0.049 | 60 | 1224.489796 |
| REVERSEN | 1.953125 | 400 | 204.8 |
| INITSSLOT | 3.805 | 400 | 105.1248357 |
| INITSLOT | 14.4598 | 800 | 55.3257998 |
| LDSFLD | 0.1064 | 60 | 563.9097744 |
| STSFLD | 0.1164 | 60 | 515.4639175 |
| LDLOC | 0.1031 | 60 | 581.9592629 |
| STLOC | 0.1153 | 60 | 520.3816132 |
| LDARG | 0.1081 | 60 | 555.0416281 |
| STARG | 0.1156 | 60 | 519.0311419 |
| NEWBUFFER | 9 | 80000 | 8888.888889 |
| MEMCPY | 135.5 | 80000 | 590.4059041 |
| CAT | 709.5 | 80000 | 112.7554616 |
| SUBSTR | 696.5 | 80000 | 114.8600144 |
| LEFT | 690 | 80000 | 115.942029 |
| RIGHT | 713.5 | 80000 | 112.1233357 |
| INVERT | 0.2681 | 100 | 372.9951511 |
| AND | 0.2627 | 200 | 761.324705 |
| OR | 0.268 | 200 | 746.2686567 |
| XOR | 0.2669 | 200 | 749.3443237 |
| EQUAL(min) | 0.11 | 200 | 1818.181818 |
| EQUAL(max) | 8 | 200 | 25 |
| SIGN | 0.2304 | 100 | 434.0277778 |
| ABS | 0.2345 | 100 | 426.4392324 |
| NEGATE | 0.2024 | 100 | 494.0711462 |
| INC | 0.2491 | 100 | 401.4452027 |
| DEC | 0.2477 | 100 | 403.7141704 |
| ADD | 0.3015 | 200 | 663.3499171 |
| SUB | 0.2981 | 200 | 670.9158001 |
| MUL | 0.3189 | 300 | 940.7337723 |
| DIV | 0.3155 | 300 | 950.8716323 |
| MOD | 0.2811 | 300 | 1067.235859 |
| SHL | 1.0208 | 300 | 293.8871473 |
| SHR | 1.5754 | 300 | 190.4278279 |
| NOT | 0.0806 | 100 | 1240.694789 |
| BOOLAND | 0.1065 | 200 | 1877.934272 |
| BOOLOR | 0.1032 | 200 | 1937.984496 |
| NZ | 0.0841 | 100 | 1189.060642 |
| NUMEQUAL | 0.1155 | 200 | 1731.601732 |
| NUMNOTEQUAL | 0.1133 | 200 | 1765.225066 |
| LT | 0.1154 | 200 | 1733.102253 |
| LE | 0.1154 | 200 | 1733.102253 |
| GT | 0.1185 | 200 | 1687.763713 |
| GE | 0.115 | 200 | 1739.130435 |
| MIN | 0.3261 | 200 | 613.308801 |
| MAX | 0.2834 | 200 | 705.716302 |
| WITHIN | 0.1428 | 200 | 1400.560224 |
| PACK | 126.3 | 7000 | 55.42359462 |
| UNPACK | 54 | 7000 | 129.6296296 |
| NEWARRAY0 | 0.5639 | 400 | 709.3456287 |
| NEWARRAY | 61.8 | 15000 | 242.7184466 |
| NEWARRAY_T | 62.8 | 15000 | 238.8535032 |
| NEWSTRUCT0 | 0.5716 | 400 | 699.790063 |
| NEWSTRUCT | 64 | 15000 | 234.375 |
| NEWMAP | 0.7854 | 200 | 254.6473135 |
| SIZE | 0.64 | 150 | 234.375 |
| HASKEY | 1.3 | 270000 | 207692.3077 |
| KEYS | 1.0354 | 500 | 482.9051574 |
| VALUES | 1400 | 7000 | 5 |
| PICKITEM | 0.8 | 270000 | 337500 |
| APPEND | 1134 | 15000 | 13.22751323 |
| SETITEM | 1037 | 270000 | 260.3664417 |
| REVERSEITEMS | 500 | 500 | 1 |
| REMOVE | 0.8 | 500 | 625 |
| CLEARITEMS | 300 | 400 | 1.333333333 |
| ISNULL | 0.15 | 60 | 400 |
| ISTYPE | 0.27 | 60 | 222.2222222 |
| CONVERT | 0.1229 | 80000 | 650935.7201 |
In this test, the time cost of each opcode is got from scenarios where they tend to cost as much time as possible under current limits. Besides, some opcodes which are similiar in functionality are omitted.
From the result we can see, Price / Time factor differs drastically between opcodes. Some differences are because of different RAM cost(i.e. PUSHDATA1 vs PUSHDATA4), some are because of system calls, but still many others are not seemingly reasonable.
Furthermore, we should focus on opcodes whose Price / Time factor is too high or below 100 (these opcodes violate "1 gas per second during Persist" rule defined here and can be used in DoS attacks).
Besides, the price of some SYSCALL (i.e. Vote in #1877) is also not reasonable.
Neo Version
- Neo 3
Where in the software does this update applies to?
- VM