Fixes: mono#14170
Fixes: dotnet/android#3112

The `call_filter()` function generated by `mono_arch_get_call_filter()`
was overwriting a part of the previous stack frame because it was not
creating a large enough new stack frame for itself.  This had been
working by luck before the switch to building the runtime with Android
NDK r19.

I used a local build of [xamarin/xamarin-android/d16-1@87a80b][0] to
verify that this change resolved both of the issues linked above.  I
also confirmed that I was able to reintroduce the issues in my local
environment by removing the change and rebuilding.

After this change, the generated `call_filter()` function now starts by
reserving sufficient space on the stack to hold a 64-bit value at the
`ctx_offset` location.  The 64-bit `ctx` value is saved to the
`ctx_offset` location (offset 344 in the new stack frame) shortly
afterwards:

    stp	x29, x30, [sp,#-352]!
    mov	x29, sp
    str	x0, [x29,mono#344]

As expected, the invocation of `call_filter()` now no longer modifies
the top of the previous stack frame.

Top of the stack before `call_filter()`:

    (gdb) x/8x $sp
    0x7fcd2774a0:	0x7144d250	0x00000000	0x2724b700	0x00000000
    0x7fcd2774b0:	0x1ee19ff0	0x00000071	0x0cc00300	0x00000071

Top of the stack after `call_filter()` (unchanged):

    (gdb) x/8x $sp
    0x7fcd2774a0:	0x7144d250	0x00000000	0x2724b700	0x00000000
    0x7fcd2774b0:	0x1ee19ff0	0x00000071	0x0cc00300	0x00000071

Additional background information
=================================

The original lucky, "good" behavior worked as follows for
[mono/mono@725ba2a built with Android NDK r14][1]:

 1. The `resume` parameter for `mono_handle_exception_internal()` is
    held in register `w23`.

 2. That register is saved into the current stack frame at offset 20 by
    a `str` instruction:

           0x00000000000bc1bc <+3012>:	str	w23, [sp,mono#20]

 3. `handle_exception_first_pass()` invokes `call_filter()` via a `blr`
    instruction:

        2279							filtered = call_filter (ctx, ei->data.filter);
           0x00000000000bc60c <+4116>:	add	x9, x22, x24, lsl mono#6
           0x00000000000bc610 <+4120>:	ldr	x8, [x8,mono#3120]
           0x00000000000bc614 <+4124>:	ldr	x1, [x9,mono#112]
           0x00000000000bc618 <+4128>:	add	x0, sp, #0x110
           0x00000000000bc61c <+4132>:	blr	x8

    Before the `blr` instruction, the top of the stack looks like this:

        (gdb) x/8x $sp
        0x7fcd2774a0:	0x7144d250	0x00000000	0x0a8b31d8	0x00000071
        0x7fcd2774b0:	0x00000000	0x00000000	0x1ef51980	0x00000071

 4. `call_filter()` runs.  This function is generated by
    `mono_arch_get_call_filter()` and starts with:

           stp	x29, x30, [sp,#-336]!
           mov	x29, sp
           str	x0, [x29,mono#344]

    Note in particular how the first line subtracts 336 from `sp` to
    start a new stack frame, but the third line writes to a position
    that is 344 bytes beyond that, back within the *previous* stack
    frame.

 5. After the invocations of `call_filter()` and
    `handle_exception_first_pass()`, `w23` is restored from the stack:

           0x00000000000bc820 <+4648>:	ldr	w23, [sp,mono#20]

    At this step, the top of the stack looks like this:

        (gdb) x/8x $sp
        0x7fcd2774a0:	0x7144d250	0x00000000	0xcd2775b0	0x0000007f
        0x7fcd2774b0:	0x00000000	0x00000000	0x1ef51980	0x00000071

    Notice how `call_filter()` has overwritten bytes 8 through 15 of the
    stack frame.  In this original lucky scenario, this does not affect
    the value restored into register `w23` because that value starts at
    byte 20.

 6. `mono_handle_exception_internal()` tests the value of `w23` to
    decide how to set the `ji` local variable:

        2574			if (resume) {
           0x00000000000bb960 <+872>:	cbz	w23, 0xbb9c4 <mono_handle_exception_internal+972>

    Since `w23` is `0`, `mono_handle_exception_internal()` correctly
    continues into the `else` branch.

The bad behavior for
[mono/mono@725ba2a built with Android NDK r19][2]
works just slightly differently:

 1. As before, the local `resume` parameter starts in register `w23`.
 2. This time, the register is saved into the stack frame at offset 12
    (instead of 20):

           0x00000000000bed7c <+3200>:	str	w23, [sp,mono#12]

 3. As before, `handle_exception_first_pass()` invokes `call_filter()`
    via a `blr` instruction.

    At this step, the top of the stack looks like this:

        (gdb) x/8x $sp
        0x7fcd2774a0:	0x7144d250	0x00000000	0x2724b700	0x00000000
        0x7fcd2774b0:	0x1ee19ff0	0x00000071	0x0cc00300	0x00000071

 4. `call_filter()` runs as before.  And the first few instructions of
    that function are the same as before:

        stp	x29, x30, [sp,#-336]!
        mov	x29, sp
        str	x0, [x29,mono#344]

 5. `w23` is again restored from the stack, but this time from offset 12:

           0x00000000000bf2c0 <+4548>:	ldr	w23, [sp,mono#12]

    The problem is that `call_filter()` has again overwritten bytes 8
    through 15 of the stack frame:

        (gdb) x/8x $sp
        0x7fcd2774a0:	0x7144d250	0x00000000	0xcd2775b0	0x0000007f
        0x7fcd2774b0:	0x1ee19ff0	0x00000071	0x0cc00300	0x00000071

    So after the `ldr` instruction, `w23` has an incorrect value of
    `0x7f` rather than the correct value `0`.

 6. As before, `mono_handle_exception_internal()` tests the value of `w23` to
    decide how to set the `ji` local variable:

        2574			if (resume) {
           0x00000000000be430 <+820>:	cbz	w23, 0xbe834 <mono_handle_exception_internal+1848>

    But this time because `w23` is *not* zero, execution continues
    *incorrectly* into the `if` branch rather than the `else` branch.
    The result is that `ji` is set to `0` rather than a valid
    `(MonoJitInfo *)` value.  This incorrect value for `ji` leads to a
    null pointer dereference, as seen in the bug reports.

[0]: https://github.com/xamarin/xamarin-android/tree/xamarin-android-9.3.0.22
[1]: https://jenkins.xamarin.com/view/Xamarin.Android/job/xamarin-android-freestyle/1432/Azure/
[2]: https://jenkins.xamarin.com/view/Xamarin.Android/job/xamarin-android-freestyle/1436/Azure/