C:\Temp>type repro.cpp
#include <exception>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class C {
public:
  C() = default;
  C(const C&) = delete;
  C& operator=(const C&) = delete;
  C(C&&) = default;
  C& operator=(C&&) = default;

private:
  string m;
};

int main() {
  exception_ptr eptr;
  try {
    throw C();
  } catch (const C&) {
    eptr = std::current_exception();
  }
  try {
    rethrow_exception(eptr);
  } catch (const C&) {
  }
}

C:\Temp>cl /EHsc /W4 /WX .\repro.cpp
Microsoft (R) C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 19.23.28019.1 for x64
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.

repro.cpp
Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 14.23.28019.1
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.

/out:repro.exe
repro.obj

C:\Temp>.\repro.exe
test failure