You can use this DOI to cite this repository:

This repository contains the raw data and replication code to create the charts used in the following article:

Helveston, John P. (2025) “How collaboration with China can revitalize US automotive innovation” Science. 390(6772). DOI: 10.1126/science.adz0541

The key figures are:

• figs/fig1-range-price.png
• figs/figs1-annual-sales.png

Each are saved as a vector graphic (pdf version) and static image (png version).

Figure descriptions:

• Figure 1 is reproduced by running the script fig1-range-price.R. Since the labeled data points have poor placement in the figs/fig1-range-price.png file, a hand-edited final version is created as figs/fig1-range-price-edit-labels.png where I manually positioned some of the labels for improved readability. To do so, I edited the pdf (vector graphic) version to reposition the labels, then saved it as a png.
• Figure S1 is only available in the article Supplementary Information and si reproduced by running the script figs1-china-sales.R.

The raw data used to create these figures is in the "data" folder, and the processed data needed only to re-create these figures is in the "data_processed" folder.

Figure 1 also has two adjusted versions:

• EPA adjusted
• CLTC adjusted

In these versions, the ranges are adjusted to account for the fact that the driving ranges for the U.S. and Chinese BEVs are determined using different driving cycles. Specifically, the 5-cycle EPA is used in the U.S., and the CLTC is used in China. The CLTC cycle likely over-estimates the EPA cycle range by approximately 30% according to industry experts. To account for this, the "EPA adjusted" version shows the results with the Chinese BEV ranges reduced by 30% as an approximation of the over-estimated range. Likewise, the "CLTC adjusted" version shows the results with the U.S. BEV ranges increased by 30%.

An interactive version of this chart can also be seen here: https://jhelvy.github.io/science-2025/

The app allows you to:

• Interactively adjust the range conversion factor (slider from 0% to 50%)
• Choose whether to adjust China ranges (EPA) or USA ranges (CLTC)
• View real-time updates to the scatter plot as you adjust parameters

Detailed descriptions of the data sources can be found in the README file in the "data" folder.