Performs Paillier encryption and decryption in Cairo.

Most of the stuff is shamelessly copied from Will Clark's article on blog.openmined.org

Key generation is not included in the Cairo code. Key generation works as follows:

• Pick two large prime numbers p and q, randomly and independently. Confirm that gcd(pq,(p−1)(q−1)) is 1. If not, start again.
  • gcd(x,y) outputs the greatest common divisor of x and y.
• Compute n = pq.
• Define function L(x) = (x − 1) / n.
• Compute lambda, λ as lcm(p−1, q−1).
  • lcm(x,y) outputs the least common multiple of x and y.
• Pick a random integer g in the set of integers between 1 and n**2.
• Calculate the modular multiplicative inverse mu, μ = ( L(gλmodn2))−1 mod n. If μ does not exist, start again from step 1.
• The public key is (n, g). Use this for encryption.
• The private key is lambda, λ. Use this for decryption.

Encryption works for any m in the range 0 ≤ m < n:

1. Pick a random r in range of 0 < r < n
2. Compute ciphertext c = g**m * r**n mod n**2

For cyphertext c in range of 0 < c < n**2, For L(x) = (x − 1) / n, plaintext = L( c**lambda mod n**2 ) * μ mod n OR plaintext = (c**lambda mod n**2 - 1) / n * μ mod n