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set_index drops data with bad quantiles #1212

@jseabold

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@jseabold

Possibly related to #731. Was trying to make a test case to demonstrate some other behavior.

import dask.dataframe as dd
import dask
dask.set_options(get=dask.async.get_sync)

dsk = {
    ('x', 0): pd.DataFrame([[1975, 1., 1., 1., 2.], 
                            [1975, 1, 2, 1, 2],
                            [1975, 1, 3, 1, 2],
                            [1975, 1, 1, 1, 2],
                            [1975, 1, 2, 1, 2],
                            [1975, 2, 1, 1, 3],
                            [1975, 2, 2, 1, 3],
                            [1975, 2, 3, 1, 3],
                            [1975, 2, 1, 1, 3],
                            [1975, 2, 3, 1, 3],
                            ],
                           columns=['year', 'id', 'item', 'value', 'denom']),
    ('x', 1): pd.DataFrame([[1976, 1, 1, 1, 3], 
                            [1976, 1, 2, 1, 3],
                            [1976, 1, 3, 1, 3],
                            [1976, 1, 1, 1, 3],
                            [1976, 1, 2, 1, 3],
                            [1976, 2, 1, 1, 3],
                            [1976, 2, 2, 1, 3],
                            [1976, 2, 3, 1, 3],
                            [1976, 2, 1, 1, 3],
                            [1976, 2, 3, 1, 3],
                            ],
                           columns=['year', 'id', 'item', 'value', 'denom'])
}

df = dd.DataFrame(dsk, 'x', ['year', 'id', 'item', 'value'], divisions=[None,
                                                                        None,
                                                                        None])

The output of quantile depends on how you call it.

In [14]: df.year.quantile([0, .5, 1]).compute()
Out[14]:
0.0    1975.0
0.5    1975.0
1.0    1976.0
Name: year, dtype: float64

In [15]: df.year.quantile([1]).compute()
Out[15]:
1    1976.0
Name: year, dtype: float64

In [16]: df.year.quantile([0]).compute()
Out[16]:
0    1975.0
Name: year, dtype: float64

In [17]: df.year.quantile([0.5]).compute()
Out[17]:
0.5    1976.0
Name: year, dtype: float64

Due to the output of the first call, if you try to set the index, you get bad partitions.

In [18]: df.set_index('year').get_division(0).head()
Out[18]:
Empty DataFrame
Columns: [id, item, value, denom]
Index: []

In [19]: df.set_index('year').get_division(1).head()
Out[19]:
       id  item  value  denom
year
1976  1.0   1.0    1.0    3.0
1976  1.0   2.0    1.0    3.0
1976  1.0   3.0    1.0    3.0
1976  1.0   1.0    1.0    3.0
1976  1.0   2.0    1.0    3.0

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