kvserver: failed reproposal unexpectedly in proposals map

**Describe the problem**

Run `./experiment.sh` in https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pull/97173. After ~tens of minutes, a node may crash with this assertion[^1]:

> failed reproposal unexpectedly in proposals map:

[^1]: https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/blob/master/pkg/kv/kvserver/replica_application_result.go#L136



Jira issue: CRDB-24612
Epic: CRDB-25287