Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.

Accessing cluster settings is important during cluster startup.

Describe the solution you'd like

The ideal tool to reduce the latency of reading cluster settings would be to set the system.settings table to use LOCALITY GLOBAL.

Describe alternatives you've considered
Use stale reads and reason about any issues which might arise. The biggest problems seem related to cluster version potentially moving backwards. Perhaps we could work around this by waiting out some wall-clock time period when setting the version. This doesn't seem worth the complexity if we make it possible to set some system tables to LOCALITY GLOBAL.

Additional context
This will depend on #63365.

Jira issue: CRDB-18412

Epic CRDB-45396