This issue does not happen if one updates the Visual Studio version from e.g. 17.8 to 17.10. It happens if Visual Studio 17.10 is the only Visual Studio version which has been installed on the system. See end of this comment for further details.

As the title says boost is not compilable with Visual Studio 17.10.x. This is most likely due to the minor version of the msvc-compiler and -toolst which jumps from version 14.3x (VS 17.8.x) up to 14.4x (VS 17.10.x). This is described by Microsoft in msvc-toolst-minor-version-number-14-40.
I think that a commit similar to Add VC143, aka VS2012, aka cl.exe 17.x toolset. might fix this.

If one updates Visual Studio from e.g. 17.8 to 17.10 this problem will not occur because on the system there still will be the msvc-toolset 14.3x from the previous Visual Studio Version. If one completely deinstalls previous Visual Studio versions before the installation of Visual Studio 17.10 or one has an empty system and Visual Studio 17.10 is the first and only version which is installed then there will only be msvc-toolset version 14.4x and the compilation will fail.