Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

The Cython 3.0.9 release yesterday (3/5/24) added a warning when a Cython function is marked noexcept while returning a Python object. This appears to have broken builds of pyarrow (see recent runs on #40373). I glanced at pyarrow's setup.py and it wasn't immediately obvious clear where/if pyarrow is setting warnings as errors for Cython, but I assume it is doing so if it's breaking the build.

Component(s)

Python