Similar to SQL lpad/rpad or Python ljust/rjust

Reporter: Ian Cook / @ianmcook
Assignee: David Li / @lidavidm
Watchers: Rok Mihevc / @rok

Related issues:

• [C++] String algorithm library for StringArray/BinaryArray (is a child of)
• [R] Add binding for str_pad() (is depended upon by)

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #10586

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-12716. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}