The following piece of code shows this error, even though typeinfo is included:

#include <typeinfo>

int main() {
    const std::type_info &ti = typeid(main);
    return 0;
}

file: 'file:///.../test.cpp'
severity: 'Error'
message: '<typeinfo> must be included before typeid is used'
at: '4,32'
source: ''

Operating System and version: Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS.

VS Code version and if you are using the Insiders build: 1.16.1 (not Insiders build).

C/C++ extension version: 0.13.0.

Other extensions you installed and if the issue persists after disabling them: issue persists after disabling all other extensions.

Relevant settings from your settings.json, c_cpp_properties.json, and/or launch.json files:
"C_Cpp.intelliSenseEngine": "Default".