### README.md

## Dependency Injection Framework for Unity3D

NOTE: For the most up to date documentation please read the online version instead.

If you are looking for the older documentation for Zenject 3.X click here and for 4.x click here.

Many hours have gone into the creation of this framework and many more will go to continue maintaining it. If you or your team have found it useful, consider buying me a coffee! Every donation makes me significantly more likely to find time for it.

Also, if you like Zenject, you may also be interested in Projeny (our other open source project)

## Introduction

Zenject is a lightweight dependency injection framework built specifically to target Unity 3D (however it can be used outside of Unity as well). It can be used to turn your application into a collection of loosely-coupled parts with highly segmented responsibilities. Zenject can then glue the parts together in many different configurations to allow you to easily write, re-use, refactor and test your code in a scalable and extremely flexible way.

Tested in Unity 3D on the following platforms:

- PC/Mac/Linux
- iOS
- Android
- Webplayer
- WebGL
- PS4 (with IL2CPP backend)
- Windows Store (including 8.1, Phone 8.1, Universal 8.1 and Universal 10 - both .NET and IL2CPP backend)

IL2CPP is supported, however there are some gotchas - see here for details

This project is open source. You can find the official repository here.

For general troubleshooting / support, please post to stack overflow using the tag 'zenject', or post in the zenject google group

Or, if you have found a bug, you are also welcome to create an issue on the github page, or a pull request if you have a fix / extension. There is also a gitter chat that you can join for real time discussion. You can also follow @Zenject on twitter for updates. Finally, you can also email me directly at sfvermeulen@gmail.com

## Features

- Injection
  - Supports both normal C# classes and MonoBehaviours
  - Constructor injection (can tag constructor if there are multiple)
  - Field injection
  - Property injection
  - Method injection
- Conditional binding (eg. by type, by name, etc.)
- Optional dependencies
- Support for creating objects after initialization using factories
- Nested Containers aka Sub-Containers
- Injection across different Unity scenes to pass information from one scene to the next
- Scene parenting, to allow one scene to inherit the bindings from another
- Support for global, project-wide bindings to add dependencies for all scenes
- Convention based binding, based on class name, namespace, or any other criteria
- Ability to validate object graphs at editor time (including dynamic object graphs created via factories)
- Automatic binding on components in the scene using the `ZenjectBinding` component
- Auto-Mocking using the Moq library
- Built-in support for memory pools
- Just-in-time resolving using the Lazy<> construct

## Installation

You can install Zenject using any of the following methods

1. From Releases Page. Here you can choose between the following:

   - Zenject-WithAsteroidsDemo.vX.X.unitypackage - This is equivalent to what you find in the Asset Store and contains both sample games "Asteroids" and "SpaceFighter" as part of the package. All the source code for Zenject is included here.
   - Zenject.vX.X.unitypackage - Same as above except without the Sample projects.
   - Zenject-NonUnity.vX.X.zip - Use this if you want to use Zenject outside of Unity (eg. just as a normal C# project)

2. From the Asset Store Page

   - Normally this should be the same as what you find in the Releases section, but may also be slightly out of date since Asset Store can take a week or so to review submissions sometimes.

3. From Source

   - You can also just clone this repo and copy the `UnityProject/Assets/Plugins/Zenject` directory to your own Unity3D project. In this case, make note of the folders underneath "OptionalExtras" and choose only the ones you want.

## History

Unity is a fantastic game engine, however the approach that new developers are encouraged to take does not lend itself well to writing large, flexible, or scalable code bases. In particular, the default way that Unity manages dependencies between different game components can often be awkward and error prone.

This project was started because at the time there wasn't any DI frameworks for Unity, and having used DI frameworks outside of Unity and seeing the benefits, I felt it was important to remedy that. The only thing google produced at the time was a series of articles by Sebastiano Mandalà explaining the problem. Sebastiano even wrote a proof of concept DI framework and open sourced it, which became the basis for this library. Zenject also takes a lot of inspiration from Ninject (as implied by the name).

Finally, I will just say that if you don't have experience with DI frameworks, and are writing object oriented code, then trust me, you will thank me later! Once you learn how to write properly loosely coupled code using DI, there is simply no going back.

## Documentation

The Zenject documentation is split up into the following sections. It is split up into two parts (Introduction and Advanced) so that you can get up and running as quickly as possible. I would recommend at least reading the Introduction section, but then feel free to jump around in the advanced section as necessary

You might also benefit from playing with the provided sample projects (which you can find by opening `Zenject/OptionalExtras/SampleGame1` or `Zenject/OptionalExtras/SampleGame2`).

You may also find the cheatsheet at the bottom of this page helpful in understanding some typical usage scenarios.

The tests may also be helpful to show usage for each specific feature (which you can find at `Zenject/OptionalExtras/UnitTests` and `Zenject/OptionalExtras/IntegrationTests`)

## Table Of Contents

- Introduction
  - What is Dependency Injection?
    - Theory
    - Misconceptions
  - Zenject API
    - Hello World Example
    - Injection
    - Binding
      - Binding
      - Construction Methods
    - Installers
    - Using Non-MonoBehaviour Classes
      - ITickable
      - IInitializable
      - IDisposable
      - BindInterfacesTo and BindInterfacesAndSelfTo
      - Using the Unity Inspector To Configure Settings
    - Object Graph Validation
    - Scene Bindings
    - General Guidelines / Recommendations / Gotchas / Tips and Tricks
- Advanced
  - Binding
    - Game Object Bind Methods
    - Optional Binding
    - Conditional Bindings
    - List Bindings
    - Global Bindings Using Project Context
    - Identifiers
    - Non Generic bindings
    - Convention Based Binding
    - Singleton Identifiers
  - Scriptable Object Installer
  - Runtime Parameters For Installers
  - Creating Objects Dynamically Using Factories
  - Memory Pools
  - Update / Initialization Order
  - Zenject Order Of Operations
  - Injecting data across scenes
  - Scene Parenting Using Contract Names
  - Just-In-Time Resolving Using Lazy<>
  - DiContainer Methods
    - DiContainer.Instantiate
    - DiContainer.Bind
    - DiContainer.Resolve
    - DiContainer.Inject
    - DiContainer.QueueForInject
    - DiContainer Unbind / Rebind
    - Other DiContainer methods
  - Scene Decorators
  - Sub-Containers And Facades
  - Writing Automated Unit Tests / Integration Tests
  - Signals
  - Auto-Mocking using Moq
  - Creating Unity EditorWindow's with Zenject
- Frequently Asked Questions
  - Isn't this overkill? I mean, is using statically accessible singletons really that bad?
  - Does this work on AOT platforms such as iOS and WebGL?
  - How is Performance?
  - Can I use .NET framework 4.0 and above?
  - How do I use Unity style Coroutines in normal C# classes?
  - How do I use Zenject with pools to minimize memory allocations?
  - What games/tools/libraries are using Zenject
- Cheat Sheet
- Further Help
- Release Notes
- License

## Theory

What follows is a general overview of Dependency Injection from my perspective. However, it is kept light, so I highly recommend seeking other resources for more information on the subject, as there are many other people (often with better writing ability) that have written about the theory behind it.

When writing an individual class to achieve some functionality, it will likely need to interact with other classes in the system to achieve its goals. One way to do this is to have the class itself create its dependencies, by calling concrete constructors:

    public class Foo
    {
        ISomeService _service;

        public Foo()
        {
            _service = new SomeService();
        }

        public void DoSomething()
        {
            _service.PerformTask();
            ...
        }
    }

This works fine for small projects, but as your project grows it starts to get unwieldy. The class Foo is tightly coupled to class 'SomeService'. If we decide later that we want to use a different concrete implementation then we have to go back into the Foo class to change it.

After thinking about this, often you come to the realization that ultimately, Foo shouldn't bother itself with the details of choosing the specific implementation of the service. All Foo should care about is fulfilling its own specific responsibilities. As long as the service fulfills the abstract interface required by Foo, Foo is happy. Our class then becomes:

    public class Foo
    {
        ISomeService _service;

        public Foo(ISomeService service)
        {
            _service = service;
        }

        public void DoSomething()
        {
            _service.PerformTask();
            ...
        }
    }

This is better, but now whatever class is creating Foo (let's call it Bar) has the problem of filling in Foo's extra dependencies:

    public class Bar
    {
        public void DoSomething()
        {
            var foo = new Foo(new SomeService());
            foo.DoSomething();
            ...
        }
    }

And class Bar probably also doesn't really care about what specific implementation of SomeService Foo uses. Therefore we push the dependency up again:

    public class Bar
    {
        ISomeService _service;

        public Bar(ISomeService service)
        {
            _service = service;
        }

        public void DoSomething()
        {
            var foo = new Foo(_service);
            foo.DoSomething();
            ...
        }
    }

So we find that it is useful to push the responsibility of deciding which specific implementations of which classes to use further and further up in the 'object graph' of the application. Taking this to an extreme, we arrive at the entry point of the application, at which point all dependencies must be satisfied before things start. The dependency injection lingo for this part of the application is called the 'composition root'. It would normally look like this:

    var service = new SomeService();
    var foo = new Foo(service);
    var bar = new Bar(service);
    var qux = new Qux(bar);

    .. etc.

DI frameworks such as Zenject simply help automate this process of creating and handing out all these concrete dependencies, so that you don't need to explicitly do so yourself like in the above code.

## Misconceptions

There are many misconceptions about DI, due to the fact that it can be tricky to fully wrap your head around at first. It will take time and experience before it fully 'clicks'.

As shown in the above example, DI can be used to easily swap different implementations of a given interface (in the example this was ISomeService). However, this is only one of many benefits that DI offers.

More important than that is the fact that using a dependency injection framework like Zenject allows you to more easily follow the 'Single Responsibility Principle'. By letting Zenject worry about wiring up the classes, the classes themselves can just focus on fulfilling their specific responsibilities.

Another common mistake that people new to DI make is that they extract interfaces from every class, and use those interfaces everywhere instead of using the class directly. The goal is to make code more loosely coupled, so it's reasonable to think that being bound to an interface is better than being bound to a concrete class. However, in most cases the various responsibilities of an application have single, specific classes implementing them, so using interfaces in these cases just adds unnecessary maintenance overhead. Also, concrete classes already have an interface defined by their public members. A good rule of thumb instead is to only create interfaces when the class has more than one implementation (this is known, by the way, as the Reused Abstraction Principle)

Other benefits include:

- Refactorability - When code is loosely coupled, as is the case when using DI properly, the entire code base is much more resilient to changes. You can completely change parts of the code base without having those changes wreak havoc on other parts.
- Encourages modular code - When using a DI framework you will naturally follow better design practices, because it forces you to think about the interfaces between classes.
- Testability - Writing automated unit tests or user-driven tests becomes very easy, because it is just a matter of writing a different 'composition root' which wires up the dependencies in a different way. Want to only test one subsystem? Simply create a new composition root. Zenject also has some support for avoiding code duplication in the composition root itself (using Installers - described below).

Also see here for further justification for using a DI framework.

## Hello World Example

    using Zenject;
    using UnityEngine;
    using System.Collections;

    public class TestInstaller : MonoInstaller
    {
        public override void InstallBindings()
        {
            Container.Bind<string>().FromInstance("Hello World!");
            Container.Bind<Greeter>().AsSingle().NonLazy();
        }
    }

    public class Greeter
    {
        public Greeter(string message)
        {
            Debug.Log(message);
        }
    }

You can run this example by doing the following:

- Create a new scene in Unity
- Right Click inside the Hierarchy tab and select `Zenject -> Scene Context`
- Right Click in a folder within the Project Tab and Choose `Create -> Zenject -> MonoInstaller`. Name it TestInstaller.cs. (Note that you can also just directly create this file too without using this template).
- Add your TestInstaller script to the scene (as its own GameObject or on the same GameObject as the SceneContext, it doesn't matter)
- Add a reference to your TestInstaller to the properties of the SceneContext by adding a new row in the inspector of the "Installers" property (press the + button) and then dragging the TestInstaller GameObject to it
- Open up TestInstaller and paste the above code into it
- Validate your scene by either selecting Edit -> Zenject -> Validate Current Scene or hitting CTRL+SHIFT+V. (note that this step isn't necessary but good practice to get into)
- Run
- Note also, that you can use the shortcut CTRL+SHIFT+R to "validate then run". Validation is usually fast enough that this does not add a noticeable overhead to running your game, and when it does detect errors it is much faster to iterate on since you avoid the startup time.
- Observe unity console for output

The SceneContext MonoBehaviour is the entry point of the application, where Zenject sets up all the various dependencies before kicking off your scene. To add content to your Zenject scene, you need to write what is referred to in Zenject as an 'Installer', which declares all the dependencies used in your scene and their relationships with each other. All dependencies that are marked as "NonLazy" are automatically created at this point, which is why the Greeter class that we added above gets created on startup. If the above doesn't make sense to you yet, keep reading!

## Injection

There are many different ways of declaring dependencies on the container, which are documented in the next section. There are also several ways of having these dependencies injected into your classes. These are:

1 - Constructor Injection

    public class Foo
    {
        IBar _bar;

        public Foo(IBar bar)
        {
            _bar = bar;
        }
    }

2 - Field Injection

    public class Foo
    {
        [Inject]
        IBar _bar;
    }

Field injection occurs immediately after the constructor is called. All fields that are marked with the [Inject] attribute are looked up in the container and given a value. Note that these fields can be private or public and injection will still occur.

3 - Property Injection

    public class Foo
    {
        [Inject]
        public IBar Bar
        {
            get;
            private set;
        }
    }

Property injection works the same as field injection except is applied to C# properties. Just like fields, the setter can be private or public in this case.

4 - Method Injection

    public class Foo
    {
        IBar _bar;
        Qux _qux;

        [Inject]
        public Init(IBar bar, Qux qux)
        {
            _bar = bar;
            _qux = qux;
        }
    }

Method Inject injection works very similarly to constructor injection.

Note that inject methods are called after all other injection types. It is designed this way so that these methods can be used to execute initialization logic which might make use of one of these dependencies. Note also that you can leave the parameter list empty if you just want to do some initialization logic only.

Note that there can be any number of inject methods. In this case, they are called in the order of Base class to Derived class. This can be useful to avoid the need to forward many dependencies from derived classes to the base class via constructor parameters, while also guaranteeing that the base class inject methods complete first, just like how constructors work.

Note that the dependencies that you receive via inject methods should themselves have already been injected (the only exception to this is in the case where you have circular dependencies). This can be important if you use inject methods to perform some basic initialization, since you may need the given dependencies to themselves be initialized via their Inject methods.

Using [Inject] methods to inject dependencies is the recommended approach for MonoBehaviours, since MonoBehaviours cannot have constructors.

Also note that you can define your inject methods to have return type IEnumerator. In this case, they will be started as a coroutine. In the case where the object is a MonoBehaviour, it will be started as a coroutine on itself, and otherwise it will use the "Context" MonoBehaviour that the object is in (that is, either ProjectContext, SceneContext or GameObjectContext)

Note however that we would recommend minimizing the initialization logic in [Inject] methods however. You can use Start() or Awake() to have initialization logic instead (this should work for both dynamically instantiated prefabs and objects added to the scene during edit time).

Recommendations

Best practice is to prefer constructor injection or method injection to field or property injection.

- Constructor injection forces the dependency to only be resolved once, at class creation, which is usually what you want. In most cases you don't want to expose a public property for your initial dependencies because this suggests that it's open to changing.
- Constructor injection guarantees no circular dependencies between classes, which is generally a bad thing to do. You can do this however using method injection or field injection if necessary.
- Constructor/Method injection is more portable for cases where you decide to re-use the code without a DI framework such as Zenject. You can do the same with public properties but it's more error prone (it's easier to forget to initialize one field and leave the object in an invalid state)
- Finally, Constructor/Method injection makes it clear what all the dependencies of a class are when another programmer is reading the code. They can simply look at the parameter list of the method. This is also good because it will be more obvious when a class has too many dependencies and should therefore be split up (since it's constructor parameter list will start to seem long)

## Binding

Every dependency injection framework is ultimately just a framework to bind types to instances.

In Zenject, dependency mapping is done by adding bindings to something called a container. The container should then 'know' how to create all the object instances in your application, by recursively resolving all dependencies for a given object.

When the container is asked to construct an instance of a given type, it uses C# reflection to find the list of constructor arguments, and all fields/properties that are marked with an [Inject] attribute. It then attempts to resolve each of these required dependencies, which it uses to call the constructor and create the new instance.

Each Zenject application therefore must tell the container how to resolve each of these dependencies, which is done via Bind commands. For example, given the following class:

    public class Foo
    {
        IBar _bar;

        public Foo(IBar bar)
        {
            _bar = bar;
        }
    }

You can wire up the dependencies for this class with the following:

    Container.Bind<Foo>().AsSingle();
    Container.Bind<IBar>().To<Bar>().AsSingle();

This tells Zenject that every class that requires a dependency of type Foo should use the same instance, which it will automatically create when needed. And similarly, any class that requires the IBar interface (like Foo) will be given the same instance of type Bar.

The full format for the bind command is the following. Note that in most cases you will not use all of these methods and that they all have logical defaults when unspecified

    Container.Bind<ContractType>()
        .To<ResultType>()
        .WithId(Identifier)
        .FromConstructionMethod()
        .AsScope()
        .WithArguments(Arguments)
        .When(Condition)
        .CopyIntoAllSubContainers()
        .NonLazy();

Where:

- ContractType = The type that you are creating a binding for.

  - This value will correspond to the type of the field/parameter that is being injected.

- ResultType = The type to bind to.

  - Default: ContractType
  - This type must either to equal to ContractType or derive from ContractType. If unspecified, it assumes ToSelf(), which means that the ResultType will be the same as the ContractType. This value will be used by whatever is given as the ConstructionMethod to retrieve an instance of this type

- Identifier = The value to use to uniquely identify the binding. This can be ignored in most cases, but can be quite useful in cases where you need to distinguish between multiple bindings with the same contract type. See here for details.

- ConstructionMethod = The method by which an instance of ResultType is created/retrieved. See this section for more details on the various construction methods.

  - Default: FromNew()
  - Examples: eg. FromGetter, FromMethod, FromResolve, FromComponentInNewPrefab, FromSubContainerResolve, FromInstance, etc.

- Scope = This value determines how often (or if at all) the generated instance is re-used across multiple injections.

  - Default: AsTransient

  - It can be one of the following:

    1. AsTransient - Will not re-use the instance at all. Every time ContractType is requested, the DiContainer will return a brand new instance of type ResultType
    2. AsCached - Will re-use the same instance of ResultType every time ContractType is requested, which it will lazily generate upon first use
    3. AsSingle - Will re-use the same instance of ResultType across the entire DiContainer, which it will lazily generate upon first use. It can be thought of as a stronger version of AsCached, because it allows you to bind to the same instance across multiple bind commands. It will also ensure that there is only ever exactly one instance of ResultType in the DiContainer (ie. it will enforce ResultType to be a 'Singleton' hence the name). Note however that it will only guarantee that there is only one instance across the given container, which means that using AsSingle with the same binding in a sub-container could generate a second instance.

  - In most cases, you will likely want to just use AsSingle, however AsTransient and AsCached have their uses too.

  - To illustrate the difference between the different scope types, see the following example:

        public interface IBar
        {
        }

        public class Bar : IBar
        {
        }

        public class Foo()
        {
            public Foo(Bar bar)
            {
            }
        }

        // This will cause every instance of Foo to be given a brand new instance of Bar
        Container.Bind<Bar>().AsTransient();

        // This will cause every instance of Foo to be given the same instance of Bar
        Container.Bind<Bar>().AsCached();

        public class Qux()
        {
            public Qux(IBar bar)
            {
            }
        }

        // This will cause both Foo and Qux to get different instances of type Bar
        // However, every instance of Foo will be given the the same instance of type Bar
        // and similarly for Qux
        Container.Bind<Bar>().AsCached();
        Container.Bind<IBar>().To<Bar>().AsCached();

        // This will cause both Foo and Qux to get the same instance of type Bar
        Container.Bind<Bar>().AsSingle();
        Container.Bind<IBar>().To<Bar>().AsSingle();

- Arguments = A list of objects to use when constructing the new instance of type ResultType. This can be useful as an alternative to adding other bindings for the arguments in the form `Container.BindInstance(arg).WhenInjectedInto<ResultType>()`

- Condition = The condition that must be true for this binding to be chosen. See here for more details.

- CopyIntoAllSubContainers = If supplied, then this binding will automatically be inherited from any subcontainers that are created from it. In other words, the result will be equivalent to copying and pasting the `Container.Bind` statement into the installer for every sub-container.

- NonLazy = Normally, the ResultType is only ever instantiated when the binding is first used (aka "lazily"). However, when NonLazy is used, ResultType will immediately by created on startup.

## Construction Methods

1. FromNew - Create via the C# new operator. This is the default if no construction method is specified.

       // These are both the same
       Container.Bind<Foo>();
       Container.Bind<Foo>().FromNew();

2. FromInstance - Add a given instance to the container. Note that the given instance will not be injected in this case. If you also want your instance to be injected at startup, see QueueForInject

       Container.Bind<Foo>().FromInstance(new Foo());

       // You can also use this short hand which just takes ContractType from the parameter type
       Container.BindInstance(new Foo());

       // This is also what you would typically use for primitive types
       Container.BindInstance(5.13f);
       Container.BindInstance("foo");

       // Or, if you have many instances, you can use BindInstances
       Container.BindInstances(5.13f, "foo", new Foo());

3. FromMethod - Create via a custom method

       Container.Bind<Foo>().FromMethod(SomeMethod);

       Foo SomeMethod(InjectContext context)
       {
           ...
           return new Foo();
       }

4. FromMethodMultiple - Same as FromMethod except allows returning multiple instances at once.

       Container.Bind<Foo>().FromMethodMultiple(GetFoos);

       IEnumerable<Foo> GetFoos(InjectContext context)
       {
           ...
           return new Foo[]
           {
               new Foo(),
               new Foo(),
               new Foo(),
           }
       }

5. FromFactory - Create instance using a custom factory class. This construction method is similar to `FromMethod` except can be cleaner in cases where the logic is more complicated or requires dependencies (since the factory itself can have dependencies injected)

       class FooFactory : IFactory<Foo>
       {
           public Foo Create()
           {
               // ...
               return new Foo();
           }
       }

       Container.Bind<Foo>().FromFactory<FooFactory>()

6. FromComponentInNewPrefab - Instantiate the given prefab as a new game object, inject any MonoBehaviour's on it, and then search the result for type ResultType.

       Container.Bind<Foo>().FromComponentInNewPrefab(somePrefab);

   ResultType must either be an interface or derive from UnityEngine.MonoBehaviour / UnityEngine.Component in this case

7. FromComponentInNewPrefabResource - Instantiate the given prefab (found at the given resource path) as a new game object, inject any MonoBehaviour's on it, and then search the result for type ResultType.

       Container.Bind<Foo>().FromComponentInNewPrefabResource("Some/Path/Foo");

   ResultType must either be an interface or derive from UnityEngine.MonoBehaviour / UnityEngine.Component in this case

8. FromNewComponentOnNewGameObject - Create a new empty game object and then instantiate a new component of the given type on it.

       Container.Bind<Foo>().FromNewComponentOnNewGameObject();

   ResultType must derive from UnityEngine.MonoBehaviour / UnityEngine.Component in this case

9. FromNewComponentOnNewPrefab - Instantiate the given prefab as a new game object and also instantiate a new instance of the given component on the root of the new game object. NOTE: It is not necessary that the prefab contains a copy of the given component.

       Container.Bind<Foo>().FromNewComponentOnNewPrefab(somePrefab);

   ResultType must derive from UnityEngine.MonoBehaviour / UnityEngine.Component in this case

10. FromNewComponentOnNewPrefabResource - Instantiate the given prefab (found at the given resource path) and also instantiate a new instance of the given component on the root of the new game object. NOTE: It is not necessary that the prefab contains a copy of the given component.

        Container.Bind<Foo>().FromNewComponentOnNewPrefabResource("Some/Path/Foo");

    ResultType must derive from UnityEngine.MonoBehaviour / UnityEngine.Component in this case

11. FromNewComponentOn - Instantiate a new component of the given type on the given game object

        Container.Bind<Foo>().FromComponent(someGameObject);

    ResultType must derive from UnityEngine.MonoBehaviour / UnityEngine.Component in this case

12. FromNewComponentSibling - Instantiate a new component of the given on the current transform. The current transform here is taken from the object being injected, which must therefore be a MonoBehaviour derived type.

        Container.Bind<Foo>().FromNewComponentSibling();

    Note that if the given component type is already attached to the current transform that this will just return that instead of creating a new component. As a result, this bind statement functions similar to Unity's [RequireComponent] attribute.

    ResultType must derive from UnityEngine.MonoBehaviour / UnityEngine.Component in this case

    Also note that if a non-MonoBehaviour requests the given type, an exception will be thrown, since there is no current transform in that case.

13. FromComponentInHierarchy - Look up the component within the scene hierarchy associated with the current context, as well as the hierarchy associated with any parent contexts.

        Container.Bind<Foo>().FromComponentInHierarchy();

    ResultType must either be an interface or derive from UnityEngine.MonoBehaviour / UnityEngine.Component in this case

    In the most common case where the context is a SceneContext, this will search the entire scene hierarchy (except any sub-contexts such as GameObjectContext). In other words, when the current context is a scene context, it will behave similar to `GameObject.FindObjectsOfType`. Note that since this could be a big search, it should be used with caution, just like `GameObject.FindObjectsOfType` should be used with caution.

    In the case where the context is GameObjectContext, it will only search within and underneath the game object root (and any parent contexts).

    In the case where the context is ProjectContext, it will only search within the project context prefab

14. FromComponentSibling - Look up the given component type by searching over the components that are attached to the current transform. The current transform here is taken from the object being injected, which must therefore be a MonoBehaviour derived type.

        Container.Bind<Foo>().FromComponentSibling();

    ResultType must either be an interface or derive from UnityEngine.MonoBehaviour / UnityEngine.Component in this case

    Note that if a non-MonoBehaviour requests the given type, an exception will be thrown, since there is no current transform in that case.

15. FromComponentInParents - Look up the component by searching the current transform or any parent for the given component type. The current transform here is taken from the object being injected, which must therefore be a MonoBehaviour derived type.

        Container.Bind<Foo>().FromComponentInParents();

    ResultType must either be an interface or derive from UnityEngine.MonoBehaviour / UnityEngine.Component in this case

    Note that if a non-MonoBehaviour requests the given type, an exception will be thrown, since there is no current transform in that case.

16. FromComponentInChildren - Look up the component by searching the current transform or any child transform for the given component type. The current transform here is taken from the object being injected, which must therefore be a MonoBehaviour derived type.

        Container.Bind<Foo>().FromComponentInChildren();

    ResultType must either be an interface or derive from UnityEngine.MonoBehaviour / UnityEngine.Component in this case

    Note that if a non-MonoBehaviour requests the given type, an exception will be thrown, since there is no current transform in that case.

17. FromResource - Create by calling the Unity3d function `Resources.Load` for ResultType. This can be used to load any type that `Resources.Load` can load, such as textures, sounds, prefabs, etc.

        Container.Bind<Texture>().WithId("Glass").FromResource("Some/Path/Glass");

18. FromScriptableObjectResource - Create a new ScriptableObject class by cloning a previously created instance saved to the resources folder.

        public class Foo : ScriptableObject
        {
        }

        Container.Bind<Foo>().FromScriptableObjectResource("Some/Path/Foo");

    Note that unlike FromResource, the value returned from Resources.Load in this case will be cloned by calling ScriptableObject.Instantiate. This is necessary to allow multiple instances of the same scriptable object resource.

19. FromNewScriptableObjectResource - Same as FromScriptableObjectResource except it will instantiate a new copy of the given scriptable object resource. This can be useful if you want to have multiple distinct instances of the given scriptable object resource, or if you want to ensure that the saved values for the scriptable object are not affected by changing at runtime.

20. FromResolve - Get instance by doing another lookup on the container (in other words, calling `DiContainer.Resolve<ResultType>()`). Note that for this to work, ResultType must be bound in a separate bind statement. This construction method can be especially useful when you want to bind an interface to another interface, as shown in the below example

        public interface IFoo
        {
        }

        public interface IBar : IFoo
        {
        }

        public class Foo : IBar
        {
        }

        Container.Bind<IFoo>().To<IBar>().FromResolve();
        Container.Bind<IBar>().To<Foo>();

21. FromResolveGetter<ObjectType> - Get instance from the property of another dependency which is obtained by doing another lookup on the container (in other words, calling `DiContainer.Resolve<ObjectType>()` and then accessing a value on the returned instance of type ResultType). Note that for this to work, ObjectType must be bound in a separate bind statement.

        public class Bar
        {
        }

        public class Foo
        {
            public Bar GetBar()
            {
                return new Bar();
            }
        }

        Container.Bind<Foo>();
        Container.Bind<Bar>().FromResolveGetter<Foo>(x => x.GetBar());

22. FromSubContainerResolve - Get ResultType by doing a lookup on a subcontainer. Note that for this to work, the sub-container must have a binding for ResultType. This approach can be very powerful, because it allows you to group related dependencies together inside a mini-container, and then expose only certain classes (aka "Facades") to operate on this group of dependencies at a higher level. For more details on using sub-containers, see this section. There are 4 different ways to define the subcontainer:

    1. ByMethod - Initialize the subcontainer by using a method.

           Container.Bind<Foo>().FromSubContainerResolve().ByMethod(InstallFooFacade);

           void InstallFooFacade(DiContainer subContainer)
           {
               subContainer.Bind<Foo>();
           }

    2. ByInstaller - Initialize the subcontainer by using a class derived from `Installer`. This can be a cleaner and less error-prone alternative than `ByMethod`, especially if you need to inject data into the installer itself. Less error prone because when using ByMethod it is common to accidentally use Container instead of subContainer in your method.

           Container.Bind<Foo>().FromSubContainerResolve().ByInstaller<FooFacadeInstaller>();

           class FooFacadeInstaller : Installer
           {
               public override void InstallBindings()
               {
                   Container.Bind<Foo>();
               }
           }

    3. ByNewPrefab - Initialize subcontainer by instantiating a new prefab. Note that the prefab must contain a `GameObjectContext` component attached to the root game object. For details on `GameObjectContext` see this section.

           Container.Bind<Foo>().FromSubContainerResolve().ByNewPrefab(MyPrefab);

           // Assuming here that this installer is added to the GameObjectContext at the root
           // of the prefab.  You could also use a ZenjectBinding in the case where Foo is a MonoBehaviour
           class FooFacadeInstaller : MonoInstaller
           {
               public override void InstallBindings()
               {
                   Container.Bind<Foo>();
               }
           }

    4. ByNewPrefabMethod - Initialize subcontainer by instantiating a new prefab. Note that unlike `ByNewPrefab`, this bind method does not require that there be a GameObjectContext attached to the prefab. In this case the GameObjectContext is added dynamically and then run with the given installer method.

           Container.Bind<Foo>().FromSubContainerResolve().ByNewPrefabMethod(MyPrefab, InstallFoo);

           void InstallFoo(DiContainer subContainer)
           {
               subContainer.Bind<Foo>();
           }

    5. ByNewPrefabInstaller - Initialize subcontainer by instantiating a new prefab. Same as ByNewPrefabMethod, except it initializes the dynamically created GameObjectContext with the given installer rather than a method.

           Container.Bind<Foo>().FromSubContainerResolve().ByNewPrefabInstaller<FooInstaller>(MyPrefab);

           class FooInstaller : MonoInstaller
           {
               public override void InstallBindings()
               {
                   Container.Bind<Foo>();
               }
           }

    6. ByNewPrefabResource - Initialize subcontainer instantiating a new prefab obtained via `Resources.Load`. Note that the prefab must contain a `GameObjectContext` component attached to the root game object.

           Container.Bind<Foo>().FromSubContainerResolve().ByNewPrefabResource("Path/To/MyPrefab");

    7. ByNewPrefabResourceMethod - Initialize subcontainer instantiating a new prefab obtained via `Resources.Load`. Note that unlike `ByNewPrefabResource`, this bind method does not require that there be a GameObjectContext attached to the prefab. In this case the GameObjectContext is added dynamically and then run with the given installer method.

           Container.Bind<Foo>().FromSubContainerResolve().ByNewPrefabResourceMethod("Path/To/MyPrefab", InstallFoo);

           void InstallFoo(DiContainer subContainer)
           {
               subContainer.Bind<Foo>();
           }

    8. ByNewPrefabResourceInstaller - Initialize subcontainer instantiating a new prefab obtained via `Resources.Load`. Same as ByNewPrefabResourceMethod, except it initializes the dynamically created GameObjectContext with the given installer rather than a method.

           Container.Bind<Foo>().FromSubContainerResolve().ByNewPrefabResourceInstaller<FooInstaller>("Path/To/MyPrefab");

           class FooInstaller : MonoInstaller
           {
               public override void InstallBindings()
               {
                   Container.Bind<Foo>();
               }
           }

Note also that the "scope" here (eg. FromCached, FromSingle, or FromTransient) refers to the sub container itself and not the dependency in the subcontainer. For FromSingle, the 'singleton' subcontainer is identified by the method in the case of ByMethod, the installer type in the case of ByInstaller, and the prefab in the case of ByNewPrefab or ByNewPrefabResource.

## Installers

Often, there is some collections of related bindings for each sub-system and so it makes sense to group those bindings into a re-usable object. In Zenject this re-usable object is called an 'installer'. You can define a new installer as follows:

    public class FooInstaller : MonoInstaller
    {
        public override void InstallBindings()
        {
            Container.Bind<Bar>().AsSingle();
            Container.BindInterfacesTo<Foo>().AsSingle();
            // etc...
        }
    }

You add bindings by overriding the InstallBindings method, which is called by whatever `Context` the installer has been added to (usually this is `SceneContext`). MonoInstaller is a MonoBehaviour so you can add FooInstaller by attaching it to a GameObject. Since it is a GameObject you can also add public members to it to configure your installer from the Unity inspector. This allows you to add references within the scene, references to assets, or simply tuning data (see here for more information on tuning data).

Note that in order for your installer to be triggered it must be attached to the Installers property of the `SceneContext` object. Installers in the order given to `SceneContext` (with scriptable object installers first, then mono installers, then prefab installers) however this order should not usually matter (since nothing should be instantiated during the install process).

In many cases you want to have your installer derive from MonoInstaller, so that you can have inspector settings. There is also another base class called simply `Installer` which you can use in cases where you do not need it to be a MonoBehaviour.

You can also call an installer from another installer. For example:

    public class BarInstaller : Installer<BarInstaller>
    {
        public override void InstallBindings()
        {
            ...
        }
    }

    public class FooInstaller : MonoInstaller
    {
        public override void InstallBindings()
        {
            BarInstaller.Install(Container);
        }
    }

Note that in this case BarInstaller is of type `Installer<>` (note the generic arguments) and not MonoInstaller, which is why we can simply call `BarInstaller.Install(Container)` and don't require that BarInstaller be added to our scene already. Any calls to BarInstaller.Install will immediately create a temporary instance of BarInstaller and then call InstallBindings on it. This will repeat for any installers that this installer installs. Note also that when using the `Installer<>` base class, we always must pass in ourself as the generic argument to `Installer<>`. This is necessary so that the `Installer<>` base class can define the static method `BarInstaller.Install`. It is also designed this way to support runtime parameters (described below).

One of the main reasons we use installers as opposed to just having all our bindings declared all at once for each scene, is to make them re-usable. This is not a problem for installers of type `Installer<>` because you can simply call `FooInstaller.Install` as described above for every scene you wish to use it in, but then how would we re-use a MonoInstaller in multiple scenes?

There are three ways to do this.

1. Prefab instances within the scene. After attaching your MonoInstaller to a gameobject in your scene, you can then create a prefab out of it. This is nice because it allows you to share any configuration that you've done in the inspector on the MonoInstaller across scenes (and also have per-scene overrides if you want). After adding it in your scene you can then drag and drop it on to the Installers property of a `Context`

2. Prefabs. You can also directly drag your installer prefab from the Project tab into the InstallerPrefabs property of SceneContext. Note that in this case you cannot have per-scene overrides like you can when having the prefab instantiated in your scene, but can be nice to avoid clutter in the scene.

3. Prefabs within Resources folder. You can also place your installer prefabs underneath a Resoures folder and install them directly from code by using the Resources path. For details on usage see here.

Another option in addition to MonoInstaller and `Installer<>` is to use ScriptableObjectInstaller which has some advantages (especially for settings) - for details see here.

When calling installers from other installers it is common to want to pass parameters into it. See here for details on how that is done.

## ITickable

In some cases it is preferable to avoid the extra weight of MonoBehaviours in favour of just normal C# classes. Zenject allows you to do this much more easily by providing interfaces that mirror functionality that you would normally need to use a MonoBehaviour for.

For example, if you have code that needs to run per frame, then you can implement the `ITickable` interface:

    public class Ship : ITickable
    {
        public void Tick()
        {
            // Perform per frame tasks
        }
    }

Then, to hook it up in an installer:

    Container.Bind<ITickable>().To<Ship>().AsSingle();

Or if you don't want to have to always remember which interfaces your class implements, you can use the shortcut described here

Note that the order that the Tick() is called in for all ITickables is also configurable, as outlined here.

Also note that there are interfaces `ILateTickable` and `IFixedTickable` which work similarly for the other unity update methods.

## IInitializable

If you have some initialization that needs to occur on a given object, you could include this code in the constructor. However, this means that the initialization logic would occur in the middle of the object graph being constructed, so it may not be ideal.

A better alternative is to implement `IInitializable`, and then perform initialization logic in an `Initialize()` method.

Then, to hook it up in an installer:

    Container.Bind<IInitializable>().To<Foo>().AsSingle();

Or if you don't want to have to always remember which interfaces your class implements, you can use the shortcut described here

The Foo.Initialize method would then be called after the entire object graph is constructed and all constructors have been called.

Note that the constructors for the initial object graph are called during Unity's Awake event, and that the `IInitializable.Initialize` methods are called immediately on Unity's Start event. Using `IInitializable` as opposed to a constructor is therefore more in line with Unity's own recommendations, which suggest that the Awake phase be used to set up object references, and the Start phase be used for more involved initialization logic.

This can also be better than using constructors or `[Inject]` methods because the initialization order is customizable in a similar way to `ITickable`, as explained here.

    public class Ship : IInitializable
    {
        public void Initialize()
        {
            // Initialize your object here
        }
    }

`IInitializable` works well for start-up initialization, but what about for objects that are created dynamically via factories? (see this section for what I'm referring to here). For these cases you will most likely want to use an `[Inject]` method:

    public class Foo
    {
        [Inject]
        IBar _bar;

        [Inject]
        public void Initialize()
        {
            ...
            _bar.DoStuff();
            ...
        }
    }

## IDisposable

If you have external resources that you want to clean up when the app closes, the scene changes, or for whatever reason the context object is destroyed, you can declare your class as `IDisposable` like below:

    public class Logger : IInitializable, IDisposable
    {
        FileStream _outStream;

        public void Initialize()
        {
            _outStream = File.Open("log.txt", FileMode.Open);
        }

        public void Log(string msg)
        {
            _outStream.WriteLine(msg);
        }

        public void Dispose()
        {
            _outStream.Close();
        }
    }

Then in your installer you can include:

    Container.Bind<Logger>().AsSingle();
    Container.Bind<IInitializable>().To<Logger>().AsSingle();
    Container.Bind<IDisposable>().To<Logger>().AsSingle();

Or you can use the BindInterfaces shortcut:

    Container.BindInterfacesAndSelfTo<Logger>().AsSingle();

This works because when the scene changes or your unity application is closed, the unity event OnDestroy() is called on all MonoBehaviours, including the SceneContext class, which then triggers Dispose() on all objects that are bound to `IDisposable`

## BindInterfacesTo and BindInterfacesAndSelfTo

If you end up using the ITickable, IInitializable, and IDisposable interfaces as described above, you will often end up with code like this:

    Container.Bind<Foo>().AsSingle();
    Container.Bind<IInitializable>().To<Foo>().AsSingle();
    Container.Bind<IDisposable>().To<Foo>().AsSingle();

You can simplify this a bit by using the non generic bind method:

    Container.Bind(typeof(Foo), typeof(IInitializable), typeof(IDisposable)).To<Foo>().AsSingle();

This is better but it could still be more readable. Also, this is still not ideal because if I later on decide that Foo doesn't need a Tick() or a Dispose() then I have to keep the installer in sync.

A better idea would be to just always use the interfaces like this:

    Container.Bind(new[] { typeof(Foo) }.Concat(typeof(Foo).GetInterfaces())).To<Foo>().AsSingle();

This pattern is useful enough that Zenject includes a custom bind method for it. The above code is equivalent to:

    Container.BindInterfacesAndSelfTo<Foo>().AsSingle();

Now, we can add and remove interfaces to/from Foo and the installer remains the same.

In some cases you might only want to bind the interfaces, and keep Foo hidden from other classes. In that case you would use the BindInterfacesTo method instead:

    Container.BindInterfacesTo<Foo>().AsSingle()

Which, in this case, would expand to:

    Container.Bind(typeof(IInitializable), typeof(IDisposable)).To<Foo>().AsSingle();

Or, equivalently:

    Container.Bind<IInitializable>().To<Foo>().AsSingle();
    Container.Bind<IDisposable>().To<Foo>().AsSingle();

## Using the Unity Inspector To Configure Settings

One implication of writing most of your code as normal C# classes instead of MonoBehaviour's is that you lose the ability to configure data on them using the inspector. You can however still take advantage of this in Zenject by using the following pattern:

    public class Foo : ITickable
    {
        readonly Settings _settings;

        public Foo(Settings settings)
        {
            _settings = settings;
        }

        public void Tick()
        {
            Debug.Log("Speed: " + _settings.Speed);
        }

        [Serializable]
        public class Settings
        {
            public float Speed;
        }
    }

Then, in an installer:

    public class TestInstaller : MonoInstaller<TestInstaller>
    {
        public Foo.Settings FooSettings;

        public override void InstallBindings()
        {
            Container.BindInstance(FooSettings);
            Container.BindInterfacesTo<Foo>().AsSingle();
        }
    }

Or, equivalently:

    public class TestInstaller : MonoInstaller<TestInstaller>
    {
        public Foo.Settings FooSettings;

        public override void InstallBindings()
        {
            Container.BindInterfacesTo<Foo>().AsSingle().WithArguments(FooSettings);
        }
    }

Now, if we run our scene we can change the speed value to tune the Foo class in real time.

Another (arguably better) way to do this is to use ScriptableObjectInstaller instead of MonoInstaller, which have the added advantage that you can change your settings at runtime and have those changes automatically persist when play mode is stopped. See here for details.

## Object Graph Validation

Overview

The usual workflow when setting up bindings using a DI framework is something like this:

- Add some number of bindings in code
- Execute your app
- Observe a bunch of DI related exceptions
- Modify your bindings to address problem
- Repeat

This works ok for small projects, but as the complexity of your project grows it is often a tedious process. The problem gets worse if the startup time of your application is particularly bad, or when the exceptions only occur from factories at various points at runtime. What would be great is some tool to analyze your object graph and tell you exactly where all the missing bindings are, without requiring the cost of firing up your whole app.

You can do this in Zenject out-of-the-box by executing the menu item `Edit -> Zenject -> Validate Current Scene` or simply hitting CTRL+SHIFT+V with the scenes open that you want to validate. This will execute all installers for the current scene, with the result being a fully bound container. It will then iterate through the object graphs and verify that all bindings can be found (without actually instantiating any of them). Under the hood, this works by storing dummy objects in the container in place of actually instantiating your classes

Alternatively, you can execute the menu item `Edit -> Zenject -> Validate Then Run` or simply hitting CTRL+SHIFT+R. This will validate the scenes you have open and then if validation succeeds, it will start play mode. Validation is usually pretty fast so this can be a good alternative to always just hitting play, especially if your game has a costly startup time.

Under the hood

In object validation mode Zenject makes a "dry run" i.e. instead of all dependencies null values get injected.

So there are a few things that are different from a regular run of game:

- No actual logic code is executed, only install bindings is called.
- For each Factory `Validate()` is called (see Factory docs).
- null values are injected in all dependencies(regardles of what was binded)

You might want to inject some classes even in validation mode. In that case mark them with `[ZenjectAllowDuringValidation]`.

## Scene Bindings

In many cases, you have a number of MonoBehaviours that have been added to the scene within the Unity editor (ie. at editor time not runtime) and you want to also have these MonoBehaviours added to the Zenject Container so that they can be injected into other classes.

The usual way this is done is to add public references to these objects within your installer like this:

    public class Foo : MonoBehaviour
    {
    }

    public class GameInstaller : MonoInstaller
    {
        public Foo foo;

        public override void InstallBindings()
        {
            Container.BindInstance(foo);
            Container.Bind<IInitializable>().To<GameRunner>().AsSingle();
        }
    }

    public class GameRunner : IInitializable
    {
        readonly Foo _foo;

        public GameRunner(Foo foo)
        {
            _foo = foo;
        }

        public void Initialize()
        {
            ...
        }
    }

This works fine however in some cases this can get cumbersome. For example, if you want to allow an artist to add any number of `Enemy` objects to the scene, and you also want all those `Enemy` objects added to the Zenject Container. In this case, you would have to manually drag each one to the inspector of one of your installers. This is very error prone since its easy to forget one, or to delete the `Enemy` game object but forget to delete the null reference in the inspector for your installer, etc.

So another way to do this is to use the `ZenjectBinding` component. You can do this by adding a `ZenjectBinding` MonoBehaviour to the same game object that you want to be automatically added to the Zenject container.

For example, if I have a MonoBehaviour of type `Foo` in my scene, I can just add `ZenjectBinding` alongside it, and then drag the Foo component into the Component property of the ZenjectBinding component.

Then our installer becomes:

    public class GameInstaller : MonoInstaller
    {
        public override void InstallBindings()
        {
            Container.Bind<IInitializable>().To<GameRunner>().AsSingle();
        }
    }

The `ZenjectBinding` component has the following properties:

- Bind Type - This will determine what 'contract type' to use. It can be set to any of the following values:

  1. `Self`

  This is equivalent to the first example where we did this:

      Container.Bind<Foo>().FromInstance(_foo);

  Or, equivalently:

      Container.BindInstance(_foo);

  So if we duplicate this game object to have multiple game objects with `Foo` on them (as well as the `ZenjectBinding`), they will all be bound to the Container this way. So after doing this, we would have to change `GameRunner` above to take a `List<Foo>` otherwise we would get Zenject exceptions (see here for info on list bindings).

  2. `AllInterfaces`

  This bind type is equivalent to the following:

      Container.BindInterfacesTo(_foo.GetType()).FromInstance(_foo);

  Note however, in this case, that `GameRunner` must ask for type `IFoo` in its constructor. If we left `GameRunner` asking for type `Foo` then Zenject would throw exceptions, since the `BindInterfaces` method only binds the interfaces, not the concrete type. If you want the concrete type as well then you can use:

  3. `AllInterfacesAndSelf`

  This bind type is equivalent to the following:

      Container.BindInterfacesAndSelfTo(_foo.GetType()).FromInstance(_foo);

  This is the same as AllInterfaces except we can directly access Foo using type Foo instead of needing an interface.

  4. `BaseType`

  This bind type is equivalent to the following:

      Container.BindAllInterfacesAndSelf(_foo.GetType().BaseType()).FromInstance(_foo);

- Identifier - This value can be left empty most of the time. It will determine what is used as the identifier for the binding. For example, when set to "Foo1", it is equivalent to doing the following:

      Container.BindInstance(_foo).WithId("Foo1");

- Context - This is completely optional and in most cases should be left unset. This will determine which Context to apply the binding to. If left unset, it will use whatever context the GameObject is in. In most cases this will be SceneContext, but if it's inside a GameObjectContext it will be bound into the GameObjectContext container instead. One important use case for this field is to allow dragging the SceneContext into this field, for cases where the component is inside a GameObjectContext. This allows you to treat this MonoBehaviour as a Facade for the entire sub-container given by the GameObjectContext.

## General Guidelines / Recommendations / Gotchas / Tips and Tricks

- Do not use GameObject.Instantiate if you want your objects to have their dependencies injected

  - If you want to instantiate a prefab at runtime and have any MonoBehaviour's automatically injected, we recommend using a factory. You can also instantiate a prefab by directly using the DiContainer by calling any of the InstantiatePrefab methods. Using these ways as opposed to GameObject.Instantiate will ensure any fields that are marked with the [Inject] attribute are filled in properly, and all [Inject] methods within the prefab are called.

- Best practice with DI is to only reference the container in the composition root "layer"

  - Note that factories are part of this layer and the container can be referenced there (which is necessary to create objects at runtime). For example, see ShipStateFactory in the sample project. See here for more details on this.

- Do not use IInitializable, ITickable and IDisposable for dynamically created objects

  - Objects that are of type `IInitializable` are only initialized once - at startup during Unity's Start phase. If you create an object through a factory, and it derives from `IInitializable`, the Initialize() method will not be called. You should use [Inject] methods in this case.
  - The same applies to `ITickable` and `IDisposable`. Deriving from these will do nothing unless they are part of the original object graph created at startup.
  - If you have dynamically created objects that have an Update() method, it is usually best to call Update() on those manually, and often there is a higher level manager-like class in which it makes sense to do this from. If however you prefer to use `ITickable` for dynamically objects you can declare a dependency to TickableManager and add/remove it explicitly as well.

- Using multiple constructors

  - Zenject does not support injecting into multiple constructors currently. You can have multiple constructors however you must mark one of them with the [Inject] attribute so Zenject knows which one to use.

- Using Zenject outside of Unity

  - Zenject is primarily designed to work within Unity3D. However, it can also be used as a general purpose DI framework outside of Unity3D. Zenject has been used within ASP.NET MVC and WPF projects successfully. In order to do this, you can get the DLL from the Releases section of the GitHub page, or build the solution yourself at `NonUnityBuild/Zenject.sln`

- Lazily instantiated objects and the object graph

  - Zenject does not immediately instantiate every object defined by the bindings that you've set up in your installers. Instead, Zenject will construct some number of root-level objects, and then lazily instantiate the rest based on usage. Root-level objects are any classes that are bound to IInitializable / ITickable / IDisposable, and any class that is declared in a binding that is marked `NonLazy()`.

- The order that things occur in is wrong, like injection is occurring too late, or Initialize() event is not called at the right time, etc.

  - It may be because the 'script execution order' of the Zenject classes 'ProjectContext' or 'SceneContext' is incorrect. These classes should always have the earliest or near earliest execution order. This should already be set by default (since this setting is included in the `cs.meta` files for these classes). However if you are compiling Zenject yourself or have a unique configuration, you may want to make sure, which you can do by going to "Edit -> Project Settings -> Script Execution Order" and confirming that these classes are at the top, before the default time.

- Transient is the default scope

  - Another common mistake is to leave out the call which defines the scope (eg. `AsSingle`, `AsTransient`, or `AsCached`) and therefore unintentionally use the default (`AsTransient`). For example:

  `Container.BindInterfacesAndSelfTo<Foo>();`

  - The above binding is almost certainly not what you want to do, because it will create an instance of Foo for every interface that Foo has. Instead, you almost certainly want to use either `AsCached` or `AsSingle` in this case

Please feel free to submit any other sources of confusion to sfvermeulen@gmail.com and I will add it here.

## Game Object Bind Methods

For bindings that create new game objects (eg. FromComponentInNewPrefab or FromNewComponentOnNewGameObject) there are also two extra bind methods.

- WithGameObjectName = The name to give the new Game Object associated with this binding.

      Container.Bind<Foo>().FromComponentInNewPrefabResource("Some/Path/Foo").WithGameObjectName("Foo1");
      Container.Bind<Foo>().FromNewComponentOnNewGameObject().WithGameObjectName("Foo1");

- UnderTransformGroup(string) = The name of the transform group to place the new game object under. This is especially useful for factories, which can be used to create many copies of a prefab, so it can be nice to have them automatically grouped together within the scene heirarchy.

      Container.BindFactory<Bullet, Bullet.Factory>()
          .FromComponentInNewPrefab(BulletPrefab)
          .UnderTransformGroup("Bullets");

- UnderTransform(Transform) = The actual transform to place the new game object under.

      Container.BindFactory<Bullet, Bullet.Factory>()
          .FromComponentInNewPrefab(BulletPrefab)
          .UnderTransform(BulletTransform);

## Optional Binding

You can declare some dependencies as optional as follows:

    public class Bar
    {
        public Bar(
            [InjectOptional]
            IFoo foo)
        {
            ...
        }
    }
    ...

    // You can comment this out and it will still work
    Container.Bind<IFoo>().AsSingle();

If an optional dependency is not bound in any installers, then it will be injected as null.

If the dependency is a primitive type (eg. int, float, struct) then it will be injected with its default value (eg. 0 for ints).

You may also assign an explicit default using the standard C# way such as:

    public class Bar
    {
        public Bar(int foo = 5)
        {
            ...
        }
    }
    ...

    // Can comment this out and 5 will be used instead
    Container.BindInstance(1);

Note also that the `[InjectOptional]` is not necessary in this case, since it's already implied by the default value.

Alternatively, you can define the primitive parameter as nullable, and perform logic depending on whether it is supplied or not, such as:

    public class Bar
    {
        int _foo;

        public Bar(
            [InjectOptional]
            int? foo)
        {
            if (foo == null)
            {
                // Use 5 if unspecified
                _foo = 5;
            }
            else
            {
                _foo = foo.Value;
            }
        }
    }

    ...

    // Can comment this out and it will use 5 instead
    Container.BindInstance(1);

## Conditional Bindings

In many cases you will want to restrict where a given dependency is injected. You can do this using the following syntax:

    Container.Bind<IFoo>().To<Foo1>().AsSingle().WhenInjectedInto<Bar1>();
    Container.Bind<IFoo>().To<Foo2>().AsSingle().WhenInjectedInto<Bar2>();

Note that `WhenInjectedInto` is simple shorthand for the following, which uses the more general `When()` method:

    Container.Bind<IFoo>().To<Foo>().AsSingle().When(context => context.ObjectType == typeof(Bar));

The InjectContext class (which is passed as the `context` parameter above) contains the following information that you can use in your conditional:

- `Type ObjectType` - The type of the newly instantiated object, which we are injecting dependencies into. Note that this is null for root calls to `Resolve<>` or `Instantiate<>`
- `object ObjectInstance` - The newly instantiated instance that is having its dependencies filled. Note that this is only available when injecting fields or into `[Inject]` methods and null for constructor parameters
- `string Identifier` - This will be null in most cases and set to whatever is given as a parameter to the `[Inject]` attribute. For example, `[Inject(Id = "foo")] _foo` will result in `Identifier` being equal to the string "foo".
- `object ConcreteIdentifier` - This will be null in most cases and set to whatever is given as the identifier to the `AsSingle` method.
- `string MemberName` - The name of the field or parameter that we are injecting into. This can be used, for example, in the case where you have multiple constructor parameters that are strings. However, using the parameter or field name can be error prone since other programmers may refactor it to use a different name. In many cases it's better to use an explicit identifier
- `Type MemberType` - The type of the field or parameter that we are injecting into.
- `InjectContext ParentContext` - This contains information on the entire object graph that precedes the current class being created. For example, dependency A might be created, which requires an instance of B, which requires an instance of C. You could use this field to inject different values into C, based on some condition about A. This can be used to create very complex conditions using any combination of parent context information. Note also that `ParentContext.MemberType` is not necessarily the same as ObjectType, since the ObjectType could be a derived type from `ParentContext.MemberType`
- `bool Optional` - True if the `[InjectOptional]` parameter is declared on the field being injected

## List Bindings

When Zenject finds multiple bindings for the same type, it interprets that to be a list. So, in the example code below, Bar would get a list containing a new instance of Foo1, Foo2, and Foo3:

    // In an installer somewhere
    Container.Bind<IFoo>().To<Foo1>().AsSingle();
    Container.Bind<IFoo>().To<Foo2>().AsSingle();
    Container.Bind<IFoo>().To<Foo3>().AsSingle();

    ...

    public class Bar
    {
        public Bar(List<IFoo> foos)
        {
        }
    }

The order of the list will be the same as the order in which they were added with a Bind method. The only exception is when you use subcontainers, since in that case the list will be ordered first by the associated subcontainer, with the first set of instances taken from the bottom most subcontainer, and then the parent, then the grandparent, etc.

## Global Bindings Using Project Context

This all works great for each individual scene, but what if you have dependencies that you wish to persist permanently across all scenes? In Zenject you can do this by adding installers to a ProjectContext object.

To do this, first you need to create a prefab for the ProjectContext, and then you can add installers to it. You can do this most easily by selecting the menu item `Edit -> Zenject -> Create Project Context`. You should then see a new asset in the folder `Assets/Resources` called 'ProjectContext'.

If you click on this it will appear nearly identically to the inspector for `SceneContext`. The easiest way to configure this prefab is to temporarily add it to your scene, add Installers to it, then click "Apply" to save it back to the prefab before deleting it from your scene. In addition to installers, you can also add your own custom MonoBehaviour classes to the ProjectContext object directly.

Then, when you start any scene that contains a `SceneContext`, your `ProjectContext` object will always be initialized first. All the installers you add here will be executed and the bindings that you add within them will be available for use in all scenes within your project. The `ProjectContext` game object is set as DontDestroyOnLoad so it will not be destroyed when changing scenes.

Note also that this only occurs once. If you load another scene from the first scene, your ProjectContext will not be called again and the bindings that it added previously will persist into the new scene. You can declare `ITickable` / `IInitializable` / `IDisposable` objects in your global installers in the same way you do for your scene installers with the result being that `IInitializable.Initialize` is called only once across each play session and `IDisposable.Dispose` is only called once the application is fully stopped.

The reason that all the bindings you add to a global installer are available for any classes within each individual scene, is because the Container in each scene uses the ProjectContext Container as it's "parent". For more information on nested containers see here.

ProjectContext is a very convenient place to put objects that you want to persist across scenes. However, the fact that it's completely global to every scene can lead to some unintended behaviour. For example, this means that even if you write a simple test scene that uses Zenject, it will load the ProjectContext, which may not be what you want. To address these problems it is often better to use Scene Parenting instead, since that approach allows you to be selective in terms of which scenes inherit the same common bindings. See here for more details on that approach.

## Identifiers

You can also give an ID to your binding if you need to have distinct bindings for the same type, and you don't want it to just result in a `List<>`. For example:

    Container.Bind<IFoo>().WithId("foo").To<Foo1>().AsSingle();
    Container.Bind<IFoo>().To<Foo2>().AsSingle();

    ...

    public class Bar1
    {
        [Inject(Id = "foo")]
        IFoo _foo;
    }

    public class Bar2
    {
        [Inject]
        IFoo _foo;
    }

In this example, the `Bar1` class will be given an instance of `Foo1`, and the `Bar2` class will use the default version of `IFoo` which is bound to `Foo2`.

Note also that you can do the same thing for constructor/inject-method arguments as well:

    public class Bar
    {
        Foo _foo;

        public Bar(
            [Inject(Id = "foo")]
            Foo foo)
        {
        }
    }

In many cases, the ID is created as a string, however you can actually use any type you like for this. For example, it's sometimes useful to use an enum instead:

    enum Cameras
    {
        Main,
        Player,
    }

    Container.Bind<Camera>().WithId(Cameras.Main).FromInstance(MyMainCamera);
    Container.Bind<Camera>().WithId(Cameras.Player).FromInstance(MyPlayerCamera);

You can also use custom types, as long as they implement the `Equals` operator.

## Scriptable Object Installer

Another alternative to deriving from MonoInstaller or Installer when implementing your own installers, is to derive from the ScriptableObjectInstaller class. This is most commonly used to store game settings. This approach has the following advantages:

- Any changes you make to the properties of the installer will persist after you stop play mode. This can be very useful when tweaking runtime parameters. For other installer types as well as any MonoBehaviour's in your scene, any changes to the inspector properties at runtime will be undone when play mode is stopped. However, there is a 'gotcha' to be aware of: Any changes to these settings in code will also be saved persistently (unlike with settings on MonoInstaller's). So if you go this route you should treat all settings objects as read-only to avoid this from happening.
- You can very easily swap out multiple instances of the same installer. For example, using the below example, you might have an instance of `GameSettingsInstaller` called `GameSettingsEasy`, and another one called `GameSettingsHard`, etc.

Example:

- Open Unity
- Right click somewhere in the Project tab and select `Create -> Zenject -> ScriptableObjectInstaller`
- Name it GameSettingsInstaller
- Right click again in the same location
- Select the newly added menu item `Create -> Installers -> GameSettingsInstaller`
- Following the approach to settings outlined here, you might then replace it with the following:

    public class GameSettings : ScriptableObjectInstaller
    {
        public Player.Settings Player;
        public SomethingElse.Settings SomethingElse;
        // ... etc.

        public override void InstallBindings()
        {
            Container.BindInstances(Player, SomethingElse, etc.);
        }
    }

    public class Player : ITickable
    {
        readonly Settings _settings;
        Vector3 _position;

        public Player(Settings settings)
        {
            _settings = settings;
        }

        public void Tick()
        {
            _position += Vector3.forward * _settings.Speed;
        }

        [Serializable]
        public class Settings
        {
            public float Speed;
        }
    }

- Now, you should be able to run your game and adjust the Speed value that is on the GameSettingsInstaller asset at runtime, and have that change saved permanently

## Runtime Parameters For Installers

Often when calling installers from other installers it is desirable to be able to pass parameters. You can do this by adding generic arguments to whichever installer base class you are using with the types for the runtime parameters. For example, when using a non-MonoBehaviour Installer:

    public class FooInstaller : Installer<string, FooInstaller>
    {
        string _value;

        public FooInstaller(string value)
        {
            _value = value;
        }

        public override void InstallBindings()
        {
            ...

            Container.BindInstance(_value).WhenInjectedInto<Foo>();
        }
    }

    public class MainInstaller : MonoInstaller
    {
        public override void InstallBindings()
        {
            FooInstaller.Install(Container, "asdf");
        }
    }

Or when using a MonoInstaller prefab:

    public class FooInstaller : MonoInstaller<string, FooInstaller>
    {
        string _value;

        // Note that in this case we can't use a constructor
        [Inject]
        public void Construct(string value)
        {
            _value = value;
        }

        public override void InstallBindings()
        {
            ...

            Container.BindInstance(_value).WhenInjectedInto<Foo>();
        }
    }

    public class MainInstaller : MonoInstaller
    {
        public override void InstallBindings()
        {
            // For this to work, there must be a prefab with FooInstaller attached to it at
            // Resources/My/Custom/ResourcePath.prefab
            FooInstaller.InstallFromResource("My/Custom/ResourcePath", Container, new object[] { "asdf" });

            // If a resource path is not provided then it is assumed to exist at resource path
            // 'Resources/Installers/FooInstaller'
            // For example:
            // FooInstaller.InstallFromResource(Container, new object[] { "asdf" });
        }
    }

ScriptableObjectInstaller works the same as MonoInstaller in this regard.

## Signals

See here.

## Creating Objects Dynamically Using Factories

See here.

## Memory Pools

See here.

## Update / Initialization Order

In many cases, especially for small projects, the order that classes update or initialize in does not matter. However, in larger projects update or initialization order can become an issue. This can especially be an issue in Unity, since it is often difficult to predict in what order the Start(), Awake(), or Update() methods will be called in. Unfortunately, Unity does not have an easy way to control this (besides in `Edit -> Project Settings -> Script Execution Order`, though that can be awkward to use)

In Zenject, by default, ITickables and IInitializables are called in the order that they are added, however for cases where the update or initialization order does matter, there is a much better way: By specifying their priorities explicitly in the installer. For example, in the sample project you can find this code in the scene installer:

    public class AsteroidsInstaller : MonoInstaller
    {
        ...

        void InitExecutionOrder()
        {
            // In many cases you don't need to worry about execution order,
            // however sometimes it can be important
            // If for example we wanted to ensure that AsteroidManager.Initialize
            // always gets called before GameController.Initialize (and similarly for Tick)
            // Then we could do the following:
            Container.BindExecutionOrder<AsteroidManager>(-10);
            Container.BindExecutionOrder<GameController>(-20);

            // Note that they will be disposed of in the reverse order given here
        }

        ...

        public override void InstallBindings()
        {
            ...
            InitExecutionOrder();
            ...
        }

    }

This way, you won't hit a wall at the end of the project due to some unforeseen order-dependency.

Note here that the value given to BindExecutionOrder will apply to ITickable / IInitializable and IDisposable (with the order reversed for IDisposable's).

You can also assign priorities for each specific interface separately like this:

    Container.BindInitializableExecutionOrder<Foo>(-10);
    Container.BindInitializableExecutionOrder<Bar>(-20);

    Container.BindTickableExecutionOrder<Foo>(10);
    Container.BindTickableExecutionOrder<Bar>(-80);

Any ITickables, IInitializables, or `IDisposable`'s that are not assigned a priority are automatically given the priority of zero. This allows you to have classes with explicit priorities executed either before or after the unspecified classes. For example, the above code would result in 'Foo.Initialize' being called before 'Bar.Initialize'.

## Zenject Order Of Operations

What follows below is a more detailed view of what happens when running a scene that uses Zenject. This can be useful to know to fully understand exactly how Zenject works.

- Unity Awake() phase begins
  - SceneContext.Awake() method is called. This should always be the first thing executed in your scene. It should work this way by default (see here if you are noticing otherwise).
  - Project Context is initialized. Note that this only happens once per play session. If a previous scene already initialized the ProjectContext, then this step is skipped
    - All injectable MonoBehaviour's on the ProjectContext prefab are passed to the container via DiContainer.QueueForInject
    - ProjectContext iterates through all the Installers that have been added to its prefab via the Unity Inspector, updates them to point to its DiContainer, then calls InstallBindings() on each. Each Installer calls some number of Bind methods on the DiContainer.
    - All instances that were added via DiContainer.QueueForInject are injected
    - ProjectContext then constructs all the non-lazy root objects, which includes any classes that derive from ITickable / IInitializable or IDisposable, as well as those classes that are added with a `NonLazy()` binding.
  - Scene Context is initialized.
    - All injectable MonoBehaviour's in the entire scene are passed to the SceneContext container via DiContainer.QueueForInject
    - SceneContext iterates through all the Installers that have been added to it via the Unity Inspector, updates them to point to its DiContainer, then calls InstallBindings() on each. Each Installer calls some number of Bind<> methods on the DiContainer.
    - All instances that were added via DiContainer.QueueForInject are injected
    - SceneContext then constructs all the non-lazy root objects, which includes any classes that derive from ITickable / IInitializable or IDisposable, as well as those classes that are added with a `NonLazy()` binding.
  - If any required dependencies cannot be resolved, a ZenjectResolveException is thrown
  - All other MonoBehaviour's in the scene have their Awake() method called
- Unity Start() phase begins
  - ProjectContext.Start() method is called. This will trigger the Initialize() method on all `IInitializable` objects in the order specified in the ProjectContext installers.
  - SceneContext.Start() method is called. This will trigger the Initialize() method on all `IInitializable` objects in the order specified in the SceneContext installers.
  - All other MonoBehaviour's in your scene have their Start() method called
- Unity Update() phase begins
  - ProjectContext.Update() is called, which results in Tick() being called for all `ITickable` objects (in the order specified in the ProjectContext installers)
  - SceneContext.Update() is called, which results in Tick() being called for all `ITickable` objects (in the order specified in the SceneContext installers)
  - All other MonoBehaviour's in your scene have their Update() method called
- These same steps repeated for LateUpdate and ILateTickable
- At the same time, These same steps are repeated for FixedUpdate according to the physics timestep
- Unity scene is unloaded
  - Dispose() is called on all objects mapped to `IDisposable` within all the GameObjectContext's (see here for details)
  - Dispose() is called on all objects mapped to `IDisposable` within the SceneContext installers (see here for details)
- App is exitted
  - Dispose() is called on all objects mapped to `IDisposable` within the ProjectContext installers (see here for details)

## Injecting data across scenes

In some cases it's useful to pass arguments from one scene to another. The way Unity allows us to do this by default is fairly awkward. Your options are to create a persistent GameObject and call DontDestroyOnLoad() to keep it alive when changing scenes, or use global static classes to temporarily store the data.

Let's pretend you want to specify a 'level' string to the next scene. You have the following class that requires the input:

    public class LevelHandler : IInitializable
    {
        readonly string _startLevel;

        public LevelHandler(
            [InjectOptional]
            string startLevel)
        {
            if (startLevel == null)
            {
                _startLevel = "default_level";
            }
            else
            {
                _startLevel = startLevel;
            }
        }

        public void Initialize()
        {
            ...
            [Load level]
            ...
        }
    }

You can load the scene containing `LevelHandler` and specify a particular level by using the following syntax:

    public class Foo
    {
        readonly ZenjectSceneLoader _sceneLoader;

        public Foo(ZenjectSceneLoader sceneLoader)
        {
            _sceneLoader = sceneLoader;
        }

        public void AdvanceScene()
        {
            _sceneLoader.LoadScene("NameOfSceneToLoad", LoadSceneMode.Single, (container) =>
                {
                    container.BindInstance("custom_level").WhenInjectedInto<LevelHandler>();
                });
        }
    }

The bindings that we add here inside the lambda will be added to the container as if they were inside an installer in the new scene.

Note that you can still run the scene directly, in which case it will default to using "default_level". This is possible because we are using the `InjectOptional` flag.

An alternative and arguably cleaner way to do this would be to customize the installer itself rather than the `LevelHandler` class. In this case we can write our `LevelHandler` class like this (without the `[InjectOptional]` flag).

    public class LevelHandler : IInitializable
    {
        readonly string _startLevel;

        public LevelHandler(string startLevel)
        {
            _startLevel = startLevel;
        }

        public void Initialize()
        {
            ...
            [Load level]
            ...
        }
    }

Then, in the installer for our scene we can include the following:

    public class GameInstaller : Installer
    {
        [InjectOptional]
        public string LevelName = "default_level";

        ...

        public override void InstallBindings()
        {
            ...
            Container.BindInstance(LevelName).WhenInjectedInto<LevelHandler>();
            ...
        }
    }

Then, instead of injecting directly into the `LevelHandler` we can inject into the installer instead.

    public class Foo
    {
        readonly ZenjectSceneLoader _sceneLoader;

        public Foo(ZenjectSceneLoader sceneLoader)
        {
            _sceneLoader = sceneLoader;
        }

        public void AdvanceScene()
        {
            _sceneLoader.LoadScene("NameOfSceneToLoad", (container) =>
                {
                    container.BindInstance("custom_level").WhenInjectedInto<GameInstaller>();
                });
        }
    }

The `ZenjectSceneLoader` class also allows for more complex scenarios, such as loading a scene as a "child" of the current scene, which would cause the new scene to inherit all the dependencies in the current scene. However, it is often better to use 'Scene Contract Names' for this instead. See here for details.

## Scene Parenting Using Contract Names

Putting bindings inside ProjectContext is a fast and easy way to add common long-lasting dependencies that are shared across scenes. However, in many cases you have bindings that you only want to be shared between specific scenes, so using ProjectContext doesn't work since in that case, the bindings we add there are global to every single scene in our entire project.

As an example, let's pretend that we are working on a spaceship game, and we want to create one scene to serve as the environment (involving planets, asteroids, stars, etc.) and we want to create another scene to represent the ship that the player is in. We also want all the classes in the ship scene to be able to reference bindings declared in the environment scene. Also, we want to be able to define multiple different versions of both the ship scene and the environment scene. To achieve all this, we will use a Zenject feature called 'Scene Contract Names'.

We will start by using Unity's support for multi-scene editting, and dragging both our environment scene and our ship scene into the Scene Heirarchy tab. Then we will select the SceneContext in the environment scene and add a 'Contract Name'. Let's call it 'Environment'. Then all we have to do now is select the SceneContext inside the ship scene and set its 'Parent Contract Name' to the same value ('Environment'). Now if we press play, all the classes in the ship scene can access the declared bindings in the environment scene.

The reason we use a name field here instead of explicitly using the scene name is to support swapping out the various environment scenes for different implementations. In this example, we might define several different environments, all using the same Contract Name 'Environment', so that we can easily mix and match them with different ship scenes just by dragging the scenes we want into the scene heirarchy then hitting play.

It is called 'Contract Name' because all the environment scenes will be expected to follow a certain 'contract' by the ship scenes. For example, the ship scenes might require that regardless of which environment scene was loaded, there is a binding for 'AsteroidManager' containing the list of asteroids that the ship must avoid.

Note that you do not need to load the environment scene and the ship scene at the same time for this to work. For example, you might want to have a menu embedded inside the environment to allow the user to choose their ship before starting. So you could create a menu scene and load that after the environment scene. Then once the user chooses their ship, you could load the associated ship scene by calling the unity method `SceneManager.LoadScene` (making sure to use `LoadSceneMode.Additive`).

Also note that the Validate command can be used to quickly verify the different multi-scene setups. If you find that scenes are unloaded when you do this see here.

Also, I should mention that Unity currently doesn't have a built-in way to save and restore multi-scene setups. We use a simple editor script for this that you can find here if interested.

## Scene Decorators

Scene Decorators offer another approach to using multiple scenes together with zenject in addition to scene parenting described above. The difference is that with scene decorators, the multiple scenes in question will all share the same Container and therefore all scenes can access bindings in all other scenes (unlike with scene parenting where only the child can access the parent bindings and not vice versa).

Another way to think about scene decorators is that it is a more advanced way doing the process described for injecting data across scenes. That is, they can be used to add behaviour to another scene without actually changing the installers in that scene.

Usually, when you want to customize different behaviour for a given scene depending on some conditions, you would use boolean or enum properties on MonoInstallers, which would then be used to add different bindings depending on the values set. However, the scene decorator approach can be cleaner sometimes because it doesn't involve changing the main scene.

For example, let's say we want to add some special keyboard shortcuts to your main production scene for testing purposes. In order to do this using decorators, you would do the following:

- Open the main production scene
- Right click on the far right menu beside the scene name within the scene heirarchy and select Add New Scene
- Drag the scene so it's above the main scene
- Right Click inside the new scene and select `Zenject -> Decorator Context`
- Select the Decorator Context and set the 'Decorated Contract Name' field to 'Main'
- Select the SceneContext in the main scene and add a contract name with the same value ('Main')
- Create a new C# script with the following contents, then add this MonoBehaviour to your decorator scene as a gameObject, then drag it to the `Installers` property of `SceneDecoratorContext`

    public class ExampleDecoratorInstaller : MonoInstaller
    {
        public override void InstallBindings()
        {
            Container.Bind<ITickable>().To<TestHotKeysAdder>().AsSingle();
        }
    }

    public class TestHotKeysAdder : ITickable
    {
        public void Tick()
        {
            if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Space))
            {
                Debug.Log("Hotkey triggered!");
            }
        }
    }

If you run your scene it should now behave exactly like the main scene except with the added functionality in your decorator installer. Also note that while not shown here, both scenes can access each other's bindings as if everything was in the same scene.

Also note that the Validate command (CTRL+SHIFT+V) can be used to quickly verify the different multi-scene setups. If you find that scenes are unloaded when you do this see here.

Also, note that decorator scenes must be loaded before the scenes that they are decorating.

Also, I should mention that Unity currently doesn't have a built-in way to save and restore multi-scene setups. We use a simple editor script for this that you can find here if interested.

## Sub-Containers And Facades

See here.

## Writing Automated Unit Tests / Integration Tests

See here.

## Just-In-Time Resolving Using Lazy<>

In some cases it can be useful to delay the creation of certain dependencies until after startup. You can use the `Lazy<>` construct for this.

For example, let's imagine a scenario like this:

    public class Foo
    {
        public void Run()
        {
            ...
        }
    }

    public class Bar
    {
        Foo _foo;

        public Bar(Foo foo)
        {
            _foo = foo;
        }

        public void Run()
        {
            _foo.Run();
        }
    }

    public class TestInstaller : MonoInstaller<TestInstaller>
    {
        public override void InstallBindings()
        {
            Container.Bind<Foo>().AsSingle();
            Container.Bind<Bar>().AsSingle();
        }
    }

Let's also imagine that we would only like to create an instance of Foo if it's actually used (that is, when the Bar.Run method is called). As it stands above, Foo would always be created every time that Bar is created, even if Bar.Run is never called. We can fix this by changing Bar to the following:

    public class Bar
    {
        Lazy<Foo> _foo;

        public Bar(Lazy<Foo> foo)
        {
            _foo = foo;
        }

        public void Run()
        {
            _foo.Value.Run();
        }
    }

Now, by using `Lazy<>` instead, the Foo class will not be created until Bar.Run is first called. After that, it will use the same instance of Foo.

Note that the installers remain the same in both cases. Any injected dependency can be made lazy by simply wrapping it in `Lazy<>`.

## DiContainer Methods

In addition to the bind methods documented above, there are also some other methods you might want to occasionally use on DiContainer. For example, if you are writing a custom factory, you might want to directly call one of the `DiContainer.Instantiate` methods. Or you might have a situation where another library is creating instances of your classes (for example, a networking library) and you need to manually call DiContainer.Inject.

DiContainer is always added to itself, so you can always get it injected into any class. However, note that injecting the DiContainer is usually a sign of bad practice, since there is almost always a better way to design your code such that you don't need to reference DiContainer directly (the exception being custom factories). Once again, best practice with dependency injection is to only reference the DiContainer in the "composition root layer" which includes any custom factories you might have as well as the installers. However there are exceptions to this rule.

### DiContainer.Instantiate

These instantiate methods might be useful for example inside a custom factory. Note however that in most cases, you can probably get away with using a normal Factory instead without needing to directly reference DiContainer.

When instantiating objects directly, you can either use DiContainer or you can use IInstantiator, which DiContainer inherits from. IInstantiator exists because often, in custom factories, you are only interested in the instantiate operation so you don't need the Bind, Resolve, etc. methods

1. Instantiate<T> - Create the given class using the new operator and then inject it. Note that this method should not be used for Components/MonoBehaviours. However, it can be used for ScriptableObject derived classes (in which case Zenject will automatically call ScriptableObject.CreateInstance).

       Foo foo = Container.Instantiate<Foo>();

   You can also pass extra arguments to it like this:

       Foo foo = Container.Instantiate<Foo>(new object[] { "foo", 5 });

   There is also non-generic versions:

       Foo foo = (Foo)Container.Instantiate(typeof(Foo));
       Foo foo = (Foo)Container.Instantiate(typeof(Foo), new object[] { "foo", 5 });

2. InstantiatePrefab - Instantiate the given prefab and then inject into any MonoBehaviour's that are on it.

       GameObject gameObject = Container.InstantiatePrefab(MyPrefab);

   This method is equivalent to calling `var gameObject = GameObject.Instantiate(MyPrefab)` yourself and then calling `DiContainer.Inject(gameObject)`. Note that MyPrefab above can either be a GameObject or it can be a direct reference to a component on the prefab.

   Similar to `GameObject.Instantiate`, you can also pass an initial parent transform to use:

       GameObject gameObject = Container.InstantiatePrefab(MyPrefab, MyParentTransform);

3. InstantiatePrefabResource - Same as InstantiatePrefab except instead of passing a prefab, you pass a path within the unity Resources folder where the prefab exists.

       GameObject gameObject = Container.InstantiatePrefabResource("path/to/myprefab");

   This method is simply a shortcut to calling `Container.InstantiatePrefab(Resources.Load("path/to/myprefab"));`

4. InstantiatePrefabForComponent<T> - Instantiates the given prefab, injects on the prefab, and then returns the given component which is assumed to exist somewhere in the heirarchy of the prefab.

       var foo = Container.InstantiatePrefabForComponent<Foo>(FooPrefab)

   Unlike the InstantiatePrefab methods above, this method also allows passing parameters to the given component:

       var foo = Container.InstantiatePrefabForComponent<Foo>(FooPrefab, new object[] { "asdf", 6.0f })

5. InstantiatePrefabResourceForComponent<T> - Same as InstantiatePrefabForComponent, except the prefab is provided as a resource path instead of as a direct reference

       var foo = Container.InstantiatePrefabResourceForComponent<Foo>("path/to/fooprefab")
       var foo = Container.InstantiatePrefabResourceForComponent<Foo>("path/to/fooprefab", new object[] { "asdf", 6.0f })

6. InstantiateComponent<T> - Add the given component to a given game object.

       var foo = Container.InstantiateComponent<Foo>(gameObject);
       var foo = Container.InstantiateComponent<Foo>(gameObject, new object[] { "asdf", 6.0f });

   Note that this is equivalent to calling GameObject.AddComponent yourself then immediatly calling DiContainer.Inject on the new component instance.

7. InstantiateComponentOnNewGameObject<T> - Create a new empty game object then instantiate a new component of the given type on it

       var foo = Container.InstantiateComponentOnNewGameObject<Foo>();
       var foo = Container.InstantiateComponentOnNewGameObject<Foo>(new object[] { "zxcv" });

   This is similar to calling `new GameObject()`, then call DiContainer.InstantiateComponent on the result.

8. InstantiateScriptableObjectResource<T> - Instantiate the given ScriptableObject type which is assumed to exist at the given resource path. Note that if you want to create an entirely new ScriptableObject, you can just use DiContainer.Instantiate.

       var foo = Container.InstantiateScriptableObjectResource<Foo>("path/to/fooscriptableobject")
       var foo = Container.InstantiateScriptableObjectResource<Foo>("path/to/fooscriptableobject", new object[] { "asdf", 6.0f })

### DiContainer.Bind

See here

### DiContainer.Resolve

1. DiContainer.Resolve - Get instance to match the given type. This may involve creating a new instance or it might return an existing instance, depending on how the given type was bound.

       Container.Bind<Foo>().AsSingle();
       ...
       var foo = Container.Resolve<Foo>();

   An exception will be thrown if no bindings were found for the given type or if multiple bindings were found. See TryResolve / ResolveAll for those cases.

2. DiContainer.ResolveId - Same as resolve except includes an identifier

       Container.Bind<Foo>().WithId("foo1").AsSingle();
       ...
       var foo = Container.ResolveId<Foo>("foo1");

3. DiContainer.TryResolve - Same as DiContainer.Resolve except instead of throwing an exception when a match is not found, a null value is returned.

       var foo = Container.TryResolve<Foo>();

       if (foo != null)
       {
           ...
       }

4. DiContainer.TryResolveId - Same as DiContainer.TryResolve except also takes an identifier

5. DiContainer.ResolveAll - Same as DiContainer.Resolve except it will return all matches instead of assuming just one.

       List<Foo> foos = Container.ResolveAll<Foo>();

6. DiContainer.ResolveIdAll - Same as DiContainer.ResolveAll except also takes an identifier

7. DiContainer.ResolveType - Returns the type that would be retrieved/instantiated if Resolve is called with the same type/identifier.

       if (Container.ResolveType<IFoo>() == typeof(Foo))
       {
           ...
       }

   This is safe to call during install phase since nothing will be instantiated by calling this. Note also that if there are multiple matches found or zero matches then an exception will be thrown.

8. DiContainer.ResolveTypeAll - Same as ResolveType except returns all matches instead of assuming a single match.

### DiContainer.Inject

1. DiContainer.Inject - Inject on the given instance.

       Container.Inject(foo);

   Note that you can also pass extra arguments to inject:

       Container.Inject(foo, new object[] { "asdf", 6 });

   This will inject in the following order:

   1. Fields
   2. Properties
   3. Inject methods

2. DiContainer.InjectGameObject - Inject into all MonoBehaviour's attached to the given game object as well as any children.

       Container.InjectGameObject(gameObject);

   Note that it will inject in a bottom-up fashion. So the root transforms in the given game object will always be injected last.

3. DiContainer.InjectGameObjectForComponent - Same as InjectGameObject except it will return the given component after injection completes.

       var foo = Container.InjectGameObjectForComponent<Foo>(gameObject);

   Also, unlike InjectGameObject, this method supports passing extra arguments to the given component:

       var foo = Container.InjectGameObjectForComponent<Foo>(gameObject, new object[] { "asdf", 5.1f });

   Note however that it is assumed here that there is only one match for the given component. Multiple matches (or zero matches) will generate an exception.

### DiContainer.QueueForInject

DiContainer.QueueForInject will queue the given instance for injection once the initial object graph is constructed.

Sometimes, there are instances that are not created by Zenject and which exist at startup, and which you want to be injected. In these cases you will often add them to the container like this:

    var foo = new Foo();
    ...
    Container.Bind<Foo>().FromInstance(foo);

Or, equivalently, using this shortcut:

    Container.BindInstance(foo);

However, using FromInstance will not cause the given instance to be injected.

One approach would be to inject on the instance immediately like this:

    Container.BindInstance(foo);
    Container.Inject(foo);

However, this is bad practice. You do not ever want to instantiate or inject during the install phase, because the objects that you are injecting could require bindings that have not yet been added.

Therefore the correct way to handle these cases is to use QueueForInject:

    Container.BindInstance(foo);
    Container.QueueForInject(foo);

This way, our `foo` object will be injected at the same time the initial object graph is constructed, immediately after the install phase.

Another important advantage of using QueueForInject is that Zenject will guarantee that your instances are injected in the correct order. In other words, if you have the following classes:

    class A
    {
        [Inject]
        public void Init()
        {
            ...
        }
    }

    class B
    {
        [Inject]
        public void Init(A a)
        {
            ...
        }
    }

And they are added to the container this way:

    var a = new A();
    var b = new B();

    Container.BindInstance(a);
    Container.BindInstance(b);

    Container.QueueForInject(a);
    Container.QueueForInject(b);

Then, you can assume that A will have its inject method called before B, regardless of the order that they were added to the container. This is nice in the case where you have some initialization logic that occurs in the [Inject] method for B, and which requires that A has been initialized.

This is also precisely how the initial MonoBehaviour's in the scene are injected. They are all simply added to the container with the QueueForInject method.

### DiContainer Unbind / Rebind

It is possible to remove or replace bindings that were added in a previous bind statement.

1. Unbind - Remove all bindings matching the given type/id from container.

       Container.Bind<IFoo>().To<Foo>();

       // This will nullify the above statement
       Container.Unbind<IFoo>();

2. Rebind - Override existing bindings with a new one. This is equivalent to calling unbind with the given type and then immediately calling bind afterwards.

       Container.Bind<IFoo>().To<Foo>();

       Container.Rebind<IFoo>().To<Bar>();

### Other DiContainer methods

1. DiContainer.ParentContainer - The parent container for the given DiContainer. For example, for the DiContainer associated with SceneContext, this will usually be the DiContainer associated with the ProjectContext (unless you're using Scene Parenting in which case it will be another SceneContext)

2. DiContainer.IsValidating - Returns true if the container is being run for validation. This can be useful in some edge cases where special logic needs to be added during the validation step only.

3. DiContainer.CreateSubContainer - Creates a new container as a child of the current container. This might be useful for custom factories that involve creating objects with complex inter-dependencies. For example:

       var subContainer = Container.CreateSubContainer();

       subContainer.Bind<Foo>();
       subContainer.Bind<Bar>();
       subContainer.Bind<Qux>();

       var foo = subContainer.Resolve<Foo>();

   Although in most cases you should probably use the FromSubContainerResolve methods rather than doing it this way.

4. DiContainer.HasBinding - Returns true if a binding that matches the given type/id has already been added. This can be useful if you want to avoid adding a duplicate binding that may have been added in a previous installer

       if (!Container.HasBinding<IFoo>())
       {
           Container.Bind<IFoo>().To<Foo>().AsSingle();
       }

5. DiContainer.GetDependencyContracts - Returns a list of all the types that the given type depends on. This might be useful, for exmaple, if you wanted to do some static analysis of your project, or if you wanted to automatically generate a dependency diagram, etc.

## Non Generic bindings

In some cases you may not know the exact type you want to bind at compile time. In these cases you can use the overload of the `Bind` method which takes a `System.Type` value instead of a generic parameter.

    // These two lines will result in the same behaviour
    Container.Bind(typeof(Foo));
    Container.Bind<Foo>();

Note also that when using non generic bindings, you can pass multiple arguments:

    Container.Bind(typeof(Foo), typeof(Bar), typeof(Qux)).AsSingle();

    // The above line is equivalent to these three:
    Container.Bind<Foo>().AsSingle();
    Container.Bind<Bar>().AsSingle();
    Container.Bind<Qux>().AsSingle();

The same goes for the To method:

    Container.Bind<IFoo>().To(typeof(Foo), typeof(Bar)).AsSingle();

    // The above line is equivalent to these two:
    Container.Bind<IFoo>().To<Foo>().AsSingle();
    Container.Bind<IFoo>().To<Bar>().AsSingle();

You can also do both:

    Container.Bind(typeof(IFoo), typeof(IBar)).To(typeof(Foo1), typeof(Foo2)).AsSingle();

    // The above line is equivalent to these:
    Container.Bind<IFoo>().To<Foo>().AsSingle();
    Container.Bind<IFoo>().To<Bar>().AsSingle();
    Container.Bind<IBar>().To<Foo>().AsSingle();
    Container.Bind<IBar>().To<Bar>().AsSingle();

This can be especially useful when you have a class that implements multiple interfaces:

    Container.Bind(typeof(ITickable), typeof(IInitializable), typeof(IDisposable)).To<Foo>().AsSingle();

Though in this particular example there is already a built-in shortcut method for this:

    Container.BindInterfacesTo<Foo>().AsSingle();

## Convention Based Binding

Convention based binding can come in handy in any of the following scenarios:

- You want to define a naming convention that determines how classes are bound to the container (eg. using a prefix, suffix, or regex)
- You want to use custom attributes to determine how classes are bound to the container
- You want to automatically bind all classes that implement a given interface within a given namespace or assembly

Using "convention over configuration" can allow you to define a framework that other programmers can use to quickly and easily get things done, instead of having to explicitly add every binding within installers. This is the philosophy that is followed by frameworks like Ruby on Rails, ASP.NET MVC, etc. Of course, there are both advantages and disadvantages to this approach.

They are specified in a similar way to Non Generic bindings, except instead of giving a list of types to the `Bind()` and `To()` methods, you describe the convention using a Fluent API. For example, to bind `IFoo` to every class that implements it in the entire codebase:

    Container.Bind<IFoo>().To(x => x.AllTypes().DerivingFrom<IFoo>());

Note that you can use the same Fluent API in the `Bind()` method as well, and you can also use it in both `Bind()` and `To()` at the same time.

For more examples see the examples section below. The full format is as follows:

    x.InitialList().Conditional().AssemblySources()

###Where:

- InitialList = The initial list of types to use for our binding. This list will be filtered by the given Conditionals. It can be one of the following (fairly self explanatory) methods:

  1. AllTypes
  2. AllNonAbstractClasses
  3. AllAbstractClasses
  4. AllInterfaces
  5. AllClasses

- Conditional = The filter to apply to the list of types given by InitialList. Note that you can chain as many of these together as you want, and they will all be applied to the initial list in sequence. It can be one of the following:

  1. DerivingFrom - Only match types deriving from `T`
  2. DerivingFromOrEqual - Only match types deriving from or equal to `T`
  3. WithPrefix(value) - Only match types with names that start with `value`
  4. WithSuffix(value) - Only match types with names that end with `value`
  5. WithAttribute - Only match types that have the attribute `[T]` above their class declaration
  6. WithoutAttribute - Only match types that do not have the attribute `[T]` above their class declaration
  7. WithAttributeWhere(predicate) - Only match types that have the attribute `[T]` above their class declaration AND in which the given predicate returns true when passed the attribute. This is useful so you can use data given to the attribute to create bindings
  8. InNamespace(value) - Only match types that are in the given namespace
  9. InNamespaces(value1, value2, etc.) - Only match types that are in any of the given namespaces
  10. MatchingRegex(pattern) - Only match types that match the given regular expression
  11. Where(predicate) - Finally, you can also add any kind of conditional logic you want by passing in a predicate that takes a `Type` parameter

- AssemblySources = The list of assemblies to search for types when populating InitialList. It can be one of the following:

  1. FromAllAssemblies - Look up types in all loaded assemblies. This is the default when unspecified.
  2. FromAssemblyContaining - Look up types in whatever assembly the type `T` is in
  3. FromAssembliesContaining(type1, type2, ..) - Look up types in all assemblies that contains any of the given types
  4. FromThisAssembly - Look up types only in the assembly in which you are calling this method
  5. FromAssembly(assembly) - Look up types only in the given assembly
  6. FromAssemblies(assembly1, assembly2, ...) - Look up types only in the given assemblies
  7. FromAssembliesWhere(predicate) - Look up types in all assemblies that match the given predicate

###Examples:

Note that you can chain together any combination of the below conditionals in the same binding. Also note that since we aren't specifying an assembly here, Zenject will search within all loaded assemblies.

1. Bind `IFoo` to every class that implements it in the entire codebase:

       Container.Bind<IFoo>().To(x => x.AllTypes().DerivingFrom<IFoo>());

   Note that this will also have the same result:

       Container.Bind<IFoo>().To(x => x.AllNonAbstractTypes());

   This is because Zenject will skip any bindings in which the concrete type does not actually derive from the base type. Also note that in this case we have to make sure we use `AllNonAbstractTypes` instead of just `AllTypes`, to ensure that we don't bind `IFoo` to itself

2. Bind an interface to all classes implementing it within a given namespace

       Container.Bind<IFoo>().To(x => x.AllTypes().DerivingFrom<IFoo>().InNamespace("MyGame.Foos"));

3. Auto-bind `IController` every class that has the suffix "Controller" (as is done in ASP.NET MVC):

       Container.Bind<IController>().To(x => x.AllNonAbstractTypes().WithSuffix("Controller"));

   You could also do this using `MatchingRegex`:

       Container.Bind<IController>().To(x => x.AllNonAbstractTypes().MatchingRegex("Controller$"));

4. Bind all types with the prefix "Widget" and inject into Foo

       Container.Bind<object>().To(x => x.AllNonAbstractTypes().WithPrefix("Widget")).WhenInjectedInto<Foo>();

5. Auto-bind the interfaces that are used by every type in a given namespace

       Container.Bind(x => x.AllInterfaces())
           .To(x => x.AllNonAbstractClasses().InNamespace("MyGame.Things"));

   This is equivalent to calling `Container.BindInterfacesTo<T>()` for every type in the namespace "MyGame.Things". This works because, as touched on above, Zenject will skip any bindings in which the concrete type does not actually derive from the base type. So even though we are using `AllInterfaces` which matches every single interface in every single loaded assembly, this is ok because it will not try and bind an interface to a type that doesn't implement this interface.

## Singleton Identifiers

In addition to normal identifiers, you can also assign an identifer to a given singleton.

This allows you to force Zenject to create multiple singletons instead of just one, since otherwise the singleton is uniquely identified based on the type given as generic argument to the `To<>` method. So for example:

    Container.Bind<IFoo>().To<Foo>().AsSingle();
    Container.Bind<IBar>().To<Foo>().AsSingle();
    Container.Bind<IQux>().To<Qux>().AsSingle();

In the above code, both `IFoo` and `IBar` will be bound to the same instance. Only one instance of Foo will be created.

    Container.Bind<IFoo>().To<Foo>().AsSingle("foo1");
    Container.Bind<IBar>().To<Foo>().AsSingle("foo2");

In this case however, two instances will be created.

Another use case for this is to allow creating multiple singletons from the same prefab. For example, Given the following:

    Container.Bind<Foo>().FromComponentInNewPrefab(MyPrefab).AsSingle();
    Container.Bind<Bar>().FromComponentInNewPrefab(MyPrefab).AsSingle();

It will only instantiate the prefab MyPrefab once, since the singleton is identified solely by the prefab when using `FromComponentInNewPrefab`. The concrete type given can be interpreted as "Search the instantiated prefab for this component". But, if instead you want Zenject to instantiate a new instance of the prefab for each `FromComponentInNewPrefab` binding, then you can do that as well by supplying an identifier to the `AsSingle` function like this:

    Container.Bind<Foo>().FromComponentInNewPrefab(MyPrefab).AsSingle("foo");
    Container.Bind<Bar>().FromComponentInNewPrefab(MyPrefab).AsSingle("bar");

Now two instances of the prefab will be created.

## Auto-Mocking using Moq

See here.

## Creating Unity EditorWindow's with Zenject

If you need to add your own Unity plugin, and you want to create your own EditorWindow derived class, then you might consider using Zenject to help manage this code as well. Let's go through an example of how you might do this:

1. Right click underneath an Editor folder in your project view then select `Create -> Zenject -> Editor Window`. Let's call it TimerWindow.
2. Open your new editor window by selecting the menu item `Window -> TimerWindow`.
3. Right now it is empty, so let's add some content to it. Open it up and replace the contents with the following:

    public class TimerWindow : ZenjectEditorWindow
    {
        TimerController.State _timerState = new TimerController.State();

        [MenuItem("Window/TimerWindow")]
        public static TimerWindow GetOrCreateWindow()
        {
            var window = EditorWindow.GetWindow<TimerWindow>();
            window.titleContent = new GUIContent("TimerWindow");
            return window;
        }

        public override void InstallBindings()
        {
            Container.BindInstance(_timerState);
            Container.BindInterfacesTo<TimerController>().AsSingle();
        }
    }

    class TimerController : IGuiRenderable, ITickable, IInitializable
    {
        readonly State _state;

        public TimerController(State state)
        {
            _state = state;
        }

        public void Initialize()
        {
            Debug.Log("TimerController initialized");
        }

        public void GuiRender()
        {
            GUI.Label(new Rect(25, 25, 200, 200), "Tick Count: " + _state.TickCount);

            if (GUI.Button(new Rect(25, 50, 200, 50), "Restart"))
            {
                _state.TickCount = 0;
            }
        }

        public void Tick()
        {
            _state.TickCount++;
        }

        [Serializable]
        public class State
        {
            public int TickCount;
        }
    }

In the InstallBindings method for your ZenjectEditorWindow, you can add IInitializable, ITickable, and IDisposable bindings just like you do within your scenes. There is also a new interface called `IGuiRenderable` that you can use to draw content to the window by using Unity's immediate mode gui.

Note that every time your code is compiled again within Unity, your editor window is reloaded. InstallBindings is called again and all your classes are created again from scratch. This means that any state information you may have stored in member variables will be reset. However, the member fields in EditorWindow derived class itself is serialized, so you can take advantage of this to have state persist across re-compiles. In the example above, we are able to have the current tick count persist by wrapping it in a Serializable class and including this as a member inside our EditorWindow.

Something else to note is that the rate at which the ITickable.Tick method gets fired can change depending on what you have on focus. If you run our timer window, then select another window other than Unity, you can see what I mean. (Tick Count increments much more slowly)

## Frequently Asked Questions

- Isn't this overkill? I mean, is using statically accessible singletons really that bad?

  For small enough projects, I would agree with you that using a global singleton might be easier and less complicated. But as your project grows in size, using global singletons will make your code unwieldy. Good code is basically synonymous with loosely coupled code, and to write loosely coupled code you need to (A) actually be aware of the dependencies between classes and (B) code to interfaces (however I don't literally mean to use interfaces everywhere, as explained here)

  In terms of (A), using global singletons, it's not obvious at all what depends on what, and over time your code will become really convoluted, as everything will tend towards depending on everything. There could always be some method somewhere deep in a call stack that does some hail mary request to some other class anywhere in your code base. In terms of (B), you can't really code to interfaces with global singletons because you're always referring to a concrete class

  With a DI framework, in terms of (A), it's a bit more work to declare the dependencies you need up-front in your constructor, but this can be a good thing too because it forces you to be aware of the dependencies between classes.

  And in terms of (B), it also forces you to code to interfaces. By declaring all your dependencies as constructor parameters, you are basically saying "in order for me to do X, I need these contracts fulfilled". These constructor parameters might not actually be interfaces or abstract classes, but it doesn't matter - in an abstract sense, they are still contracts, which isn't the case when you are creating them within the class or using global singletons.

  Then the result will be more loosely coupled code, which will make it 100x easier to refactor, maintain, test, understand, re-use, etc.

- Does this work on AOT platforms such as iOS and WebGL?

  Yes. However, there are a few things that you should be aware of. One of the things that Unity's IL2CPP compiler does is strip out any code that is not used. It calculates what code is used by statically analyzing the code to find usage. This is great, except that this will sometimes strip out methods/types that we don't refer to explicitly (and instead access via reflection instead).

  In previous versions of Unity, when used with Zenject, IL2CPP would often strip out the constructors of classes because of this reason. The recommended fix in these cases was to add an [Inject] attribute above the constructor. Adding this attribute signals to IL2CPP to not strip out this method. The convention was to use this attribute on all constructors. However, in newer versions of IL2CPP this attribute is no longer necessary, because it seems that IL2CPP preserves constructors by default.

  Sometimes, another issue that can occur is with classes that have generic arguments and which are instantiated with a "value type" generic argument (eg. int, float, enums, anything deriving from struct, etc.). In this case, compiling on AOT platforms will sometimes strip out the constructor, so Zenject will not be able to create the class and you will get a runtime error. For example:

          public class Foo<T1>
          {
              public Foo()
              {
                  Debug.Log("Successfully created Foo!");
              }
          }

          public class Runner2 : MonoBehaviour
          {
              public void OnGUI()
              {
                  if (GUI.Button(new Rect(100, 100, 500, 100), "Attempt to Create Foo"))
                  {
                      var container = new DiContainer();

                      // This will throw exceptions on AOT platforms because the constructor for Foo<int> is stripped out of the build
                      container.Instantiate<Foo<int>>();

                      // This will run fine however, because string is not value type
                      //container.Instantiate<Foo<string>>();
                  }
              }

              static void _AotWorkaround()
              {
                  // As a workaround, we can explicitly reference the constructor here to force the AOT
                  // compiler to leave it in the build
                  // new Foo<int>();
              }
          }

  Normally, in a case like above where a constructor is being stripped out, we can force-include it by adding the `[Inject]` attribute on the Foo constructor, however this does not work for classes with generic types that include a value type. Therefore, the recommended workarounds here are to either explicitly reference the constructor similar to what you see in the _AotWorkaround, or avoid using value type generic arguments. One easy way to avoid using value types is to wrap it in a reference type (for example, by using something like this)

- How is performance?

  DI can affect start-up time when it builds the initial object graph. However it can also affect performance any time you instantiate new objects at run time.

  Zenject uses C# reflection which is typically slow, but in Zenject this work is cached so any performance hits only occur once for each class type. In other words, Zenject avoids costly reflection operations by making a trade-off between performance and memory to ensure good performance.

  You can also force Zenject to populate this cache by calling `Zenject.TypeAnalyzer.GetInfo` for each type you want Zenject to cache the reflection information for.

  For some benchmarks on Zenject versus other DI frameworks, see here.

  Zenject should also produce zero per-frame heap allocations.

  If performance is really important, then we recommend that you use memory pools (and also specify an initial size) and also cache reflection by calling `Zenject.TypeAnalyzer.GetInfo`. By doing this, you should be able to restrict all the costly operations to the initialization time and avoid any performance issues once your game starts.

- Can I use .NET framework 4.0 and above?

  By default Unity uses .NET framework 3.5 and so Zenject assumes that this is what you want. If you are compiling Zenject with a version greater than this, this is fine, but you'll have to either delete or comment out the contents of Func.cs.

- How do I use Unity style Coroutines in normal C# classes?

  With Zenject, there is less of a need to make every class a `MonoBehaviour`. But it is often still desirable to be able to call `StartCoroutine` to add asynchronous methods.

  One solution here is to use a dedicated class and just call `StartCoroutine` on that instead. For example:

        public class AsyncProcessor : MonoBehaviour
        {
            // Purposely left empty
        }

        public class Foo : IInitializable
        {
            AsyncProcessor _asyncProcessor;

            public Foo(AsyncProcessor asyncProcessor)
            {
                _asyncProcessor = asyncProcessor;
            }

            public void Initialize()
            {
                _asyncProcessor.StartCoroutine(RunAsync());
            }

            public IEnumerator RunAsync()
            {
                Debug.Log("Foo started");
                yield return new WaitForSeconds(2.0f);
                Debug.Log("Foo finished");
            }
        }

        public class TestInstaller : MonoInstaller
        {
            public override void InstallBindings()
            {
                Container.Bind<IInitializable>().To<Foo>().AsSingle();
                Container.Bind<AsyncProcessor>().FromNewComponentOnNewGameObject().AsSingle();
            }
        }

  Another solution to this problem which I highly recommend is UniRx.

  Yet another option is to use a coroutine library that implements similar functionality to what Unity provides. See here for one example that we've used in the past at Modest Tree

- What games/tools/libraries are using Zenject?

  If you know of other projects that are using Zenject, please add a comment here so that I can add it to this list.

  Games

  - Pokemon Go (both iOS and Android)
  - Spinball Carnival (Android)
  - Slugterra: Guardian Force (Android)
  - Submarine (iOS and Android)
  - NOVA Black Holes (iOS)
  - Farm Away! (iOS and Android)
  - Build Away! (iOS and Android)
  - Stick Soccer 2 (iOS and Android)
  - Untethered (Google VR)
  - Toy Clash - (GearVR)
  - Bedtime Math App - (iOS and Android)
  - 4 Pics 1 Word: John Einstein (Android) - Puzzle game
  - EcsRx Roguelike 2D - An example of a Roguelike 2d game using EcsRx and Zenject

  Libraries

  - EcsRx - A framework for Unity using the ECS pattern
  - Karma - An MVC framework for Unity
  - View Controller - A view controller system
  - Alensia - High level framework to build RPG style games using Unity

  Tools

  - Modest 3D (WebGL, WebPlayer, PC) - An IDE to allow users to quickly and easily create procedural training content
  - Modest 3D Explorer (WebGL, WebPlayer, iOS, Android, PC, Windows Store) - A simple editor to quickly create a 3D presentation with some number of slides

## Cheat Sheet

See here.

## Further Help

For general troubleshooting / support, please use the zenject subreddit or the zenject google group. If you have found a bug, you are also welcome to create an issue on the github page, or a pull request if you have a fix / extension. You can also follow @Zenject on twitter for updates. Finally, you can also email me directly at sfvermeulen@gmail.com

## Release Notes

See here.

## License

    The MIT License (MIT)

    Copyright (c) 2010-2015 Modest Tree Media  http://www.modesttree.com

    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
    of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
    in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
    to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
    copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
    furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
    copies or substantial portions of the Software.

    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
    IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
    AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
    LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
    OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
    SOFTWARE.