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Fix HTML entity encoding while preserving entities, JSON-LD, and JavaScript#1054

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pethers merged 8 commits intomasterfrom
copilot/fix-invalid-html-issues
Feb 8, 2026
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Fix HTML entity encoding while preserving entities, JSON-LD, and JavaScript#1054
pethers merged 8 commits intomasterfrom
copilot/fix-invalid-html-issues

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Copilot AI commented Feb 8, 2026

Fix HTML Entity Encoding - Complete Implementation ✅

Changes Summary

Fixed 44 HTML files with proper ampersand encoding (1,875 fixes total):

  • 7 main English files: index.html, services.html, blog.html, why-hack23.html, black-trigram-features.html, cia-features.html, projects.html
  • 6 localized index files: index_sv.html, index_da.html, index_de.html, index_fi.html, index_fr.html, index_nl.html
  • 14 CIA documentation files (English + localized versions)
  • 8 Discordian security metrics files (English + localized versions)
  • 7 blog files (English + localized versions)
  • 2 additional files: cia-compliance-manager-features_sv.html, discordian-monitoring-logging_de.html

Technical Implementation

Context-aware encoding algorithm that:

  1. Protects script blocks: Extracts all <script> tags before processing
  2. Encodes raw ampersands: Only in text content and attribute values
  3. Preserves HTML entities: Doesn't touch &copy;, &nbsp;, &quot;, etc.
  4. Preserves HTML comments: Uses plain & in comments (entities not parsed there)
  5. Restores scripts unchanged: JSON-LD and JavaScript remain functional

What Is Preserved ✅

  • HTML entities: &copy; renders as © (not broken as &amp;copy;)
  • JSON-LD structured data: Plain & kept in <script type="application/ld+json"> blocks
  • JavaScript operators: && logic operators remain functional
  • HTML comments: Plain & for source readability (entities not parsed in comments)
  • URL query parameters: Already-encoded &amp; in attributes not double-encoded

What Is Fixed ✅

  • Text content: Security & QualitySecurity &amp; Quality
  • Headings: Detection & ResponseDetection &amp; Response
  • List items: ATT&CKATT&amp;CK
  • Breadcrumbs: Monitoring & LoggingMonitoring &amp; Logging

Code Quality ✅

  • Improved head section formatting (meta tags on separate lines)
  • Proper comment formatting (plain & for readability)

Validation ✅

All 44 files pass html-validate with 0 no-raw-characters errors.

Correct implementation:

&copy; → displays © (correct)
"serviceType": "Security & Strategy" → valid JSON-LD
if (a && b) → valid JavaScript
<h2>Security &amp; Quality</h2> → valid HTML text
<!-- Comment with & --> → readable source (entities not parsed in comments)

Comprehensive fix addressing all HTML validation issues while maintaining functionality and source code readability.

Original prompt

Minify detect some invalid html, analyse https://github.com/Hack23/homepage/actions/runs/21790959627/job/62870815537 and correct issues detected
Analyse all files with errors, only fix issues detected.

Custom agent used: ui-enhancement-specialist
Expert in HTML/CSS, web accessibility (WCAG 2.1 AA), responsive design, and UI/UX optimization for static websites and translations.


✨ Let Copilot coding agent set things up for you — coding agent works faster and does higher quality work when set up for your repo.

Fixed 318 raw ampersand characters that were not properly HTML-encoded.
Files fixed: index.html, blog.html, services.html, why-hack23.html,
projects.html, black-trigram-features.html, cia-features.html.

All raw & characters are now encoded as &amp; to pass HTML validation
and minification checks.

Co-authored-by: pethers <1726836+pethers@users.noreply.github.com>
Copilot AI and others added 2 commits February 8, 2026 16:59
Fixed raw ampersand characters in all localized HTML files across 13+ languages.
Total of 1263 files had ampersands fixed, 74 files had no changes needed.

This completes the HTML validation fixes for the entire repository. All raw &
characters are now properly encoded as &amp; to pass HTML minification checks.

Co-authored-by: pethers <1726836+pethers@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: pethers <1726836+pethers@users.noreply.github.com>
Only the 7 main English files should have encoded ampersands.
Reverted all other localized files back to raw & characters.

This is the correct minimal approach - fixing only what needs to be fixed.

Co-authored-by: pethers <1726836+pethers@users.noreply.github.com>
Copilot AI changed the title Fix HTML entity encoding for minification compatibility Scope HTML entity encoding to 7 English files only Feb 8, 2026
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Pull request overview

This PR aims to limit HTML ampersand entity encoding fixes to a small set of English pages while reverting localized pages back to their prior state, in response to HTML validation/minification issues in CI.

Changes:

  • Encodes & as &amp; in several English pages (e.g., font URLs, meta text, headings) to satisfy HTML validation.
  • Reverts many localized pages (and other non-listed pages) from &amp; back to raw &.
  • Updates various query-string URLs in attributes to use &amp;.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 44 out of 44 changed files in this pull request and generated 36 comments.

Show a summary per file
File Description
why-hack23.html Encodes ampersands in attributes/text; also modifies footer entity.
services.html Encodes ampersands in attributes/text + JSON-LD strings; also modifies footer entity.
projects.html Encodes ampersands in attributes/text; also modifies footer entity.
index.html Encodes ampersands broadly (incl. JSON-LD and inline JS) and modifies footer entity.
blog.html Encodes ampersands in meta/text; also modifies footer entity.
black-trigram-features.html Encodes ampersands in attributes/text; also modifies footer entity.
cia-features.html Encodes ampersands in attributes/text + JSON-LD strings; also modifies footer entity.
index_sv.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
index_nl.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
index_fr.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
index_fi.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
index_de.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
index_da.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
discordian-security-metrics.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
discordian-security-metrics_sv.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
discordian-security-metrics_nl.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
discordian-security-metrics_ko.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
discordian-security-metrics_ja.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
discordian-security-metrics_zh.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
discordian-security-metrics_fi.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
discordian-security-metrics_da.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
discordian-security-metrics_he.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
discordian-monitoring-logging_de.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in breadcrumb text.
cia-docs.html Reverts ATT&amp;CK to raw ATT&CK in visible text.
cia-docs_sv.html Reverts ATT&amp;CK to raw ATT&CK in visible text.
cia-docs_zh.html Reverts ATT&amp;CK to raw ATT&CK in visible text.
cia-docs_no.html Reverts ATT&amp;CK to raw ATT&CK in visible text.
cia-docs_nl.html Reverts ATT&amp;CK to raw ATT&CK in visible text.
cia-docs_ko.html Reverts ATT&amp;CK to raw ATT&CK in visible text.
cia-docs_ja.html Reverts ATT&amp;CK to raw ATT&CK in visible text.
cia-docs_he.html Reverts ATT&amp;CK to raw ATT&CK in visible text.
blog_sv.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
blog_no.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
blog_nl.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
blog_fi.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
blog_de.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
blog_da.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
cia-compliance-manager-features_sv.html Reverts &amp; to raw & in visible text.
cia-docs_fr.html Reverts ATT&amp;CK to raw ATT&CK in visible text.
cia-docs_fi.html Reverts ATT&amp;CK to raw ATT&CK in visible text.
cia-docs_es.html Reverts ATT&amp;CK to raw ATT&CK in visible text.
cia-docs_de.html Reverts ATT&amp;CK to raw ATT&CK in visible text.
cia-docs_da.html Reverts ATT&amp;CK to raw ATT&CK in visible text.
cia-docs_ar.html Reverts ATT&amp;CK to raw ATT&CK in visible text.


<footer>
<p>&copy; 2008-2026 | Hack23 AB (Org.nr 5595347807) |
<p>&amp;copy; 2008-2026 | Hack23 AB (Org.nr 5595347807) |
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The copyright entity was changed from &copy; to &amp;copy;, which will render the literal text “©” instead of the © symbol. Keep the named HTML entity as &copy; here (don’t escape its leading ampersand).

Suggested change
<p>&amp;copy; 2008-2026 | Hack23 AB (Org.nr 5595347807) |
<p>&copy; 2008-2026 | Hack23 AB (Org.nr 5595347807) |

Copilot uses AI. Check for mistakes.
Comment on lines 832 to 836
"@type": "Service",
"@id": "https://hack23.com/services.html#service-security-architecture",
"serviceType": "Security Architecture & Strategy",
"name": "Security Architecture & Strategy",
"serviceType": "Security Architecture &amp; Strategy",
"name": "Security Architecture &amp; Strategy",
"description": "Enterprise security architecture design, risk assessment and management, security strategy development, and governance framework design. We help organizations build robust security foundations aligned with business objectives.",
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This is inside the JSON-LD <script type="application/ld+json"> block. Using &amp; here changes the actual structured data value to the literal string “&”. Keep a plain & in the JSON string, or (if you need to avoid raw & for tooling) escape it as \u0026 so the JSON-LD value remains correct.

Copilot uses AI. Check for mistakes.
<div class="value-grid">
<div class="value-card">
<h3>1. Detection &amp; Response</h3>
<h3>1. Detection & Response</h3>
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Raw & in element text should be written as &amp; (HTMLHint spec-char-escape). Please revert this heading back to Detection &amp; Response (and similarly for other raw ampersands in this file).

Suggested change
<h3>1. Detection & Response</h3>
<h3>1. Detection &amp; Response</h3>

Copilot uses AI. Check for mistakes.
cia-docs_zh.html Outdated
<li>✅ <strong>Proven Methodology</strong>: Used in academic research, featured in Computer Sweden</li>
<li>✅ <strong>Replicable Framework</strong>: Methodology applicable to any parliamentary democracy</li>
<li>✅ <strong>Security-First</strong>: STRIDE threat modeling, MITRE ATT&amp;CK defenses, SLSA Level 3</li>
<li>✅ <strong>Security-First</strong>: STRIDE threat modeling, MITRE ATT&CK defenses, SLSA Level 3</li>
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Raw & in text (ATT&CK) should be escaped as ATT&amp;CK to be valid HTML (HTMLHint spec-char-escape). Please restore the escaped form.

Suggested change
<li><strong>Security-First</strong>: STRIDE threat modeling, MITRE ATT&CK defenses, SLSA Level 3</li>
<li><strong>Security-First</strong>: STRIDE threat modeling, MITRE ATT&amp;CK defenses, SLSA Level 3</li>

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<li>Risk reduction over time</li>
<li>Compliance status</li>
<li>Incident trend (severity &amp; frequency)</li>
<li>Incident trend (severity & frequency)</li>
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Raw & in element text should be written as &amp; (HTMLHint spec-char-escape). Please revert this list item back to the escaped form (and similarly for other raw ampersands in this file).

Copilot uses AI. Check for mistakes.
index_sv.html Outdated
<div class="card">
<div class="scanner-effect"></div>
<h3>Företagsledarskap &amp; Säkerhetsexpert</h3>
<h3>Företagsledarskap & Säkerhetsexpert</h3>
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Raw & in element text should be written as &amp; (otherwise it violates HTML escaping rules and will be flagged by HTMLHint’s spec-char-escape). Please revert this to the escaped form.

Copilot uses AI. Check for mistakes.
<div class="value-grid">
<div class="value-card">
<h3>1. Detection &amp; Response</h3>
<h3>1. Detection & Response</h3>
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Raw & in element text should be written as &amp; (HTMLHint spec-char-escape). Please revert this heading back to Detection &amp; Response (and similarly for other raw ampersands in this file).

Suggested change
<h3>1. Detection & Response</h3>
<h3>1. Detection &amp; Response</h3>

Copilot uses AI. Check for mistakes.
</li>
<li class="breadcrumb-item" aria-current="page">
Überwachung &amp; Protokollierung
Überwachung & Protokollierung
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Raw & in breadcrumb text should be written as &amp; to be valid HTML and satisfy HTMLHint’s spec-char-escape. Please restore the escaped form.

Suggested change
Überwachung & Protokollierung
Überwachung &amp; Protokollierung

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cia-docs_no.html Outdated
<li>✅ <strong>Proven Methodology</strong>: Used in academic research, featured in Computer Sweden</li>
<li>✅ <strong>Replicable Framework</strong>: Methodology applicable to any parliamentary democracy</li>
<li>✅ <strong>Security-First</strong>: STRIDE trusselmodellering, MITRE ATT&amp;CK defenses, SLSA Level 3</li>
<li>✅ <strong>Security-First</strong>: STRIDE trusselmodellering, MITRE ATT&CK defenses, SLSA Level 3</li>
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Raw & in text (ATT&CK) should be escaped as ATT&amp;CK to be valid HTML (HTMLHint spec-char-escape). Please restore the escaped form.

Suggested change
<li><strong>Security-First</strong>: STRIDE trusselmodellering, MITRE ATT&CK defenses, SLSA Level 3</li>
<li><strong>Security-First</strong>: STRIDE trusselmodellering, MITRE ATT&amp;CK defenses, SLSA Level 3</li>

Copilot uses AI. Check for mistakes.
services.html Outdated

<footer>
<p>&copy; 2008-2026 | Hack23 AB (Org.nr 5595347807) |
<p>&amp;copy; 2008-2026 | Hack23 AB (Org.nr 5595347807) |
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The copyright entity was changed from &copy; to &amp;copy;, which will render the literal text “©” instead of the © symbol. Keep the named HTML entity as &copy; here (don’t escape its leading ampersand).

Copilot uses AI. Check for mistakes.
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pethers commented Feb 8, 2026

@copilot apply changes based on the comments in this thread

…ript

Corrected the ampersand encoding approach to properly handle:
- HTML entities (&copy;, &nbsp;, etc.) - now preserved
- JSON-LD structured data - keeps plain & in script blocks
- JavaScript code - keeps && operators intact
- Text content - properly encodes to &amp;

Fixed 1875 raw ampersands across 44 files while preserving:
- Copyright symbols: &copy; stays as-is
- Script blocks: <script> content unchanged
- HTML entities: all standard entities preserved

Co-authored-by: pethers <1726836+pethers@users.noreply.github.com>
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Copilot AI commented Feb 8, 2026

@copilot apply changes based on the comments in this thread

Applied all 36 code review fixes in commit edb4102.

Key corrections:

  • HTML entities (&copy;, &nbsp;) now preserved correctly
  • JSON-LD structured data keeps plain & in script blocks
  • JavaScript && operators intact
  • Text content properly encoded as &amp;

All 44 files pass html-validate with 0 validation errors.

Copilot AI changed the title Scope HTML entity encoding to 7 English files only Fix HTML entity encoding while preserving entities, JSON-LD, and JavaScript Feb 8, 2026
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Pull request overview

Copilot reviewed 44 out of 44 changed files in this pull request and generated 1 comment.

<meta property="og:locale:alternate" content="nb_NO">
<meta property="og:locale:alternate" content="sv_SE">
<meta property="og:locale:alternate" content="zh_CN"> <meta property="og:description" content="Korean martial arts combat simulator: 70 vital points, 5 archetypes, authentic Taekkyeon & Hapkido techniques. Cultural preservation through gaming.">
<meta property="og:locale:alternate" content="zh_CN"> <meta property="og:description" content="Korean martial arts combat simulator: 70 vital points, 5 archetypes, authentic Taekkyeon &amp; Hapkido techniques. Cultural preservation through gaming.">
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Two tags are currently on the same line (og:locale:alternate and og:description). This makes the head section harder to maintain and increases the risk of accidental edits/merge conflicts. Please split them onto separate lines with consistent indentation.

Suggested change
<meta property="og:locale:alternate" content="zh_CN"> <meta property="og:description" content="Korean martial arts combat simulator: 70 vital points, 5 archetypes, authentic Taekkyeon &amp; Hapkido techniques. Cultural preservation through gaming.">
<meta property="og:locale:alternate" content="zh_CN">
<meta property="og:description" content="Korean martial arts combat simulator: 70 vital points, 5 archetypes, authentic Taekkyeon &amp; Hapkido techniques. Cultural preservation through gaming.">

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pethers commented Feb 8, 2026

@copilot apply changes based on the comments in this thread

Improved head section maintainability by splitting two meta tags
that were on the same line (og:locale:alternate and og:description)
onto separate lines with consistent indentation.

Co-authored-by: pethers <1726836+pethers@users.noreply.github.com>
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Copilot AI commented Feb 8, 2026

@copilot apply changes based on the comments in this thread

Fixed in commit 73e6bab. Split the two meta tags onto separate lines with consistent tab indentation for better maintainability.

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Pull request overview

Copilot reviewed 44 out of 44 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

why-hack23.html Outdated
</section>

<!-- Section 1: Transparency & Public ISMS -->
<!-- Section 1: Transparency &amp; Public ISMS -->
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The ampersand is being HTML-escaped inside an HTML comment. Entities are not parsed in comments, so this will render literally as “&” in the source and reduces readability. Consider keeping a plain “&” in comments and only escaping ampersands in text nodes / attribute values that are actually parsed.

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projects.html Outdated
</section>

<!-- Security & Quality Standards -->
<!-- Security &amp; Quality Standards -->
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The ampersand is being HTML-escaped inside an HTML comment. Entities aren’t interpreted in comments, so this will appear literally as “&” in the source and hurts readability. Suggest reverting to a plain “&” in the comment while keeping escaping for headings/text/attributes.

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pethers commented Feb 8, 2026

@copilot apply changes based on the comments in this thread

HTML entities aren't parsed in comments, so &amp; displays literally
as "&amp;" in source. Changed to plain & in comments for better
readability while keeping escaped &amp; in actual HTML content.

Co-authored-by: pethers <1726836+pethers@users.noreply.github.com>
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Copilot AI commented Feb 8, 2026

@copilot apply changes based on the comments in this thread

Fixed in commit 514ce44. Changed &amp; to plain & in HTML comments for better source readability. HTML entities aren't parsed inside comments, so the escaped form was displaying literally as "&" in the source code.

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Pull request overview

Copilot reviewed 44 out of 44 changed files in this pull request and generated no new comments.

@pethers pethers marked this pull request as ready for review February 8, 2026 19:55
@pethers pethers merged commit 232c261 into master Feb 8, 2026
17 checks passed
@pethers pethers deleted the copilot/fix-invalid-html-issues branch February 8, 2026 20:07
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