{"id":2967,"date":"2023-04-14T20:55:59","date_gmt":"2023-04-14T20:55:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fullcodedev.wpengine.com\/?p=2967"},"modified":"2023-12-15T17:09:32","modified_gmt":"2023-12-15T17:09:32","slug":"competency-based-education-through-virtual-simulation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fullcodedev.wpengine.com\/competency-based-education-through-virtual-simulation\/","title":{"rendered":"How Virtual Simulation Can Support Competency-Based Education"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2967\" class=\"elementor elementor-2967\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-68dad678 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"68dad678\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6908e1c8\" data-id=\"6908e1c8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4c65d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c4c65d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Above: an illustration of the four phases of Kolb&#8217;s Experiential Learning Cycle.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f436576 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f436576\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a medical educator, I have been working with simulation for over 20 years. After many years of teaching and graduating residents into independent practice, I realized that much of what I knew about their individual competence was based on a collection of observations and assumptions. I didn\u2019t really know whether they knew or experienced \u201ceverything in the book\u201d prior to graduation. I call this the \u201cassumption of competence\u201d problem \u2014 this stems from the fact that there are too many competencies to assess using solely in-person methods, like clinical observation, manikin-based simulation, or structured clinical exams.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But with technological solutions that can track performance over time, we can finally assess the entire breadth and depth of medical competence like never before. In this article, I\u2019d like to discuss ways that we can use technology to incorporate competency-based education into medical training, increasing our assessment of competence exponentially <\/span><b><i>without<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> adding a huge burden to our educators or learners.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To start, let me share some background on competency-based education. According to the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aacnnursing.org\/Essentials\/Definition-of-Competency-Based-Education\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Association of Colleges for Nursing<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, competency-based education is defined as, \u201ca system of instruction, assessment, feedback, self-reflection, and academic reporting that is based on students demonstrating that they have learned the knowledge, attitudes, motivations, self-perceptions, and skills expected of them as they progress through their education.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Competency-based education (CBE) relies heavily on formative assessment <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> learning by doing and demonstrating competent performance over time until expertise is achieved. In addition to the assessment of skills in practice, it relies on experiential learning as a scaffolding to provide opportunities for practice and growth with the guidance of specific competency goals. David Kolb\u2019s experiential learning cycle (as illustrated above) clearly maps out the concept, dividing the process into four phases: active experimentation, concrete experience, reflective observation, and abstract conceptualization. Each section of the cycle also overlaps with a different learning style. According to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15980086\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Armstrong &amp; Parsa-Parsi<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 59% of physicians studied prefer learning through active experimentation with newly acquired knowledge. This preference toward a hands-on learning approach perhaps explains why experiential learning through apprenticeship has been a key component of medical education for hundreds of years.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a medical educator, my job is to provide learners with training that prepares them for clinical practice. As they gain experience, the training reinforces the complexities of concepts seen in the course of actual patient care, the so-called clinical learning environment. And so a lot of time is spent by students, residents, practicing physicians, and nurses learning by actively taking care of patients in what we call \u201cthe apprenticeship model of learning.\u201d The apprenticeship model of clinical learning \u2014 also commonly referred to informally as a philosophy of\u00a0 \u201csee one, do one, teach one\u201d \u2014 formed the foundation of learning and competency development in medicine. In this model, achieving expertise requires a breadth of real world experience in order to gain the essential skills and knowledge to practice independently. However, since you can\u2019t always predict what illnesses will occur in the real world, this model relies entirely on the chance of encountering specific diseases over a fixed training period (e.g. residency training). This limitation is significant \u2014 the breadth of clinical exposure is solely a function of time and serendipity. Like holes in swiss cheese, every graduate of such a program will have different knowledge and experience gaps based on the limitations of their clinical exposure.\u00a0 And the most common holes are in the rare conditions that are harder to recognize, diagnose, and treat.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because of these limitations, apprenticeship learning provides spotty exposure to the range of diseases that we expect clinicians to manage competently. The integration of manikin-based simulation into training over the past 25 years has helped to resolve some of these critical deficits in clinical learning. Aligning with the steps of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/learning-kolb.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kolb\u2019s experiential learning cycle<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, manikin-based simulation provides invaluable opportunities for active experimentation with new concepts that can be reinforced in the clinical environment through concrete experience. Simulation-based assessments provide opportunities to directly observe and assess individual learner performance in specific core competencies as well as milestones in learning with a high degree of specificity and accuracy.\u00a0 However, this revolution in experiential learning and competency-based training is still very limited in several important ways. It is simply not enough.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As I discussed in a previous article, \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/fullcodedev.wpengine.com\/top-6-problems-medical-simulation-today\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Top 6 Problems in Medical Simulation Today,<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d there are significant limitations in brick and mortar simulation training. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This fact limits our ability to determine competency across a wide array of disease states, rare conditions, and clinical management scenarios. Even with the addition of manikin-based simulations over the past 20 years, we are still graduating clinicians with a wide range of knowledge and clinical skills that leaves potential for medical error and inefficient care in professional practice.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Virtual simulation training, on the other hand, provides unlimited opportunities for high-frequency cognitive practice. Condensed, \u201clow-dose\u201d virtual simulations can compress a 30-minute mannikin session into a 5-7 minute simulation requiring the same cognitive skills and applied knowledge. Unlike most manikin-based simulations, virtual simulations provide opportunities for repetitive practice and iterative skill development, covering a broad array of diseases, freed from the constraints of physical space and scheduled time. In addition, virtual simulation motivates performance despite failure because of the privacy provided by the virtual simulation environment, allowing for more challenging cases and complex learning because there is a low cost of failure and high reward for success.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Virtual simulations offer a transformative solution for several key reasons:\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They provide a private, judgment-free experience. Ericsson calls this a \u201cpsychological moratorium of practice.\u201d The learner is freed of fear of public failure and motivated to practice with a growth mindset.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They promote repetitive performance consistent with the expert theory of deliberate practice. The interface can provide immediate feedback to promote the development of more complex and nuanced understanding of clinical topics.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They leverage technology to provide unlimited opportunities for high-frequency practice required for iterative skill development, engaging learners in knowledge application and decision-making.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They can provide access to training and re-training on rare conditions to ensure that diagnostic competence is maintained over time, independent of what is seen in the clinical environment.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At Full Code, what we&#8217;ve tried to do is put Kolb\u2019s learning cycle on fast forward using virtual simulation. We provide users with a gameplay that is quick, distilling a 20- or 30-minute mannikin simulation into a virtual simulation taking only a fraction of that time. We provide learners with immediate feedback and the opportunity to repetitively play through the case until they achieve a certain level of performance. In a manikin-based simulation, a learner might get feedback on the four or five critical actions for that simulation case, and some other factors in terms of communication, efficacy, and other competencies. But with Full Code, you&#8217;re able to measure 30 or 40 parameters on average per case. We track data points in terms of history, physical exams, stabilizations, key interventions, diagnostic tools, consultations, and selecting the correct diagnosis.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The granularity of the competency assessments that the individual user sees, combined with the ability to privately \u201cpractice until perfect,\u201d is much more tailored and comfortable than what you can get from a manikin-based simulation experience. We&#8217;ve also constructed the educator dashboard to break down student performance with this same degree of granularity. Educators can use those data to inform their curriculum and what they need to focus on in the classroom or at the bedside. It&#8217;s like having a dipstick to check your oil level <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at any point in time, a learner or an educator can see their competency across the breadth of medicine with a high degree of certainty based on hundreds, even thousands, of clinical decisions.\u00a0 This is how virtual simulation can exponentially increase efficiencies in educational practice and finally solve the \u201cassumption of competence\u201d problem in medical education. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We hope that this insight into the skills and knowledge of learners can help support an effective competency-based educational approach, and improve the quality of healthcare available globally in the future.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6eea68c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"6eea68c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-464c77\" data-id=\"464c77\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31f01a36 elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-bg-transform elementor-bg-transform-zoom-in elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action\" data-id=\"31f01a36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"call-to-action.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-cta\" href=\"https:\/\/fullcodedev.wpengine.com\/full-code-dashboard\/#demoform\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg elementor-bg lazyload\" style=\"background-image:inherit;\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Screen Shot 2023-03-21 at 11.22.23 AM\" data-bg-image=\"url(https:\/\/fullcodedev.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screen-Shot-2023-03-21-at-11.22.23-AM-1024x633.jpg)\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tStart Using Full Code at Your Institution Today\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__description elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWatch our Full Code Dashboard demo video to find out how you can use virtual simulation data to assess the competency of your learners. \t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__button-wrapper elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-cta__button elementor-button elementor-size-md\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPlay Now\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3d3ae60a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"3d3ae60a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-33b084da\" data-id=\"33b084da\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24f7607e elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"24f7607e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-6201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-6201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Suggested reading<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-6201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-6201\"><p><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p><p>1. Armstrong E, Parsa-Parsi R. &#8220;How Can Physicians\u2019 Learning Styles Drive Educational Planning?&#8221; <em>Academic Medicine<\/em> 2005; 80:680\u2013684.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>2. Dreyfus S.E., Dreyfus H.L. &#8220;A five-state model of the mental activities involved in directed skill acquisition.&#8221; University of California, Berkeley, CA: Operation Research Center Report 1980.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>3. Ericsson KA. &#8220;Deliberate practice and acquisition of expert performance: A general overview.&#8221; <em>Academic Emergency Medicine<\/em> 2008; 15:988-994.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>4. Gee, J.P. <em>What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy.<\/em> Palgrave-MacMillan: New York, NY, 2003.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>5. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.abem.org\/public\/publications\/emergency-medicine-milestones\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The ACGME Emergency Medicine Milestones in Training&#8221;<\/a>; www.abem.org\/public\/publications\/emergency-medicine-milestones. Accessed January 3, 2019.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>6. Miller, G.E. &#8220;The Assessment of Clinical Skills\/Competence\/Performance.&#8221; <em>Academic Medicine<\/em>. 1990; 65(9):S63-67.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this article, medical educator Dr. Kimo Takayesu discusses ways that we can use technology to incorporate competency-based education into medical training.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":3003,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"wds_primary_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[119],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2967","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.5 - 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