A sweeping look at the big political events of recent years in South Africa…
Time of Pandemics
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- Cataloging
- Transcript
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By the time COVID-19 appeared, South African filmmaker Rehad Desai was all-too-familiar with pandemics. Not only had he previously worked in HIV prevention, he was also in the midst of making a film about a clinical trial for a vaccine that held the promise of ending new AIDS infections.
South Africa’s HIV response was slowed by science-denying politicians, along with global trade rules and corporate pharmaceutical greed that prevented those most in need from getting treatment. In TIME OF PANDEMICS, Desai argues that the world has repeated many of these same mistakes with COVID-19. The all-in-it-together ethos of the pandemic’s early days gave way to rich countries buying up the world’s vaccine doses, while intellectual property laws prevented poorer countries from manufacturing their own.
In tracing the history of HIV and COVID-19, TIME OF PANDEMICS provides a broad overview, while also highlighting personal impacts—from the ways our economic system is driving the spread of novel pathogens, to the moving stories of individuals participating in clinical trials, hoping to spare others from pain and loss.
Featuring interviews with scientists and public health activists including Anthony Fauci, Glenda Gray (known for her work with children and HIV), and Aslam Dasoo of the Progressive Health Forum, TIME OF PANDEMICS is an ambitious, multi-faceted documentary. In an age when the potential for new pandemics keeps growing, it offers a comprehensive history of how we got here—and a look at how we should face the challenges to come.
“(Editor's Choice!) A fantastic documentary from start to finish... Those seeking new content about the COVID-19 pandemic or HIV and AIDS should consider Time of Pandemics above all other titles.” —Video Librarian
“[Time of Pandemics] strikingly displays how the viruses (COVID-19 & HIV/AIDS) and the responses mimic each other... Insights from a variety of expert interviewees give a full picture of the impact these dual pandemics have.” —Educational Media Reviews Online
Citation
Main credits
Desai, Rehad (film director)
Hlongwa, Tricia (film director)
Khanna, Anita (film producer)
Khanna, Anita (screenwriter)
Other credits
Photography, Nic Hofmeyr, Duncan Tilley; editors, Geert Veuskens, Megan Gill, Premilla Murcott; music composer, Philip Miller.
Distributor subjects
South Africa; Medicine; Human Rights; Science; EthicsKeywords
; "Time of Pandemics"; Icarus Films; South Africa; HIV; COVID; coronavirus; healthcare; pandemics; human rights; science; ethics; documentary; doc; ; "Time of Pandemics"; Icarus Films
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[gentle music]
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by a new series of pathogens that are emerging
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out of the deep forest,
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primarily because Planet Earth
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is better known now as Planet Farm.
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[gentle music]
[tree cracking]
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[birds chirping]
[tree crashing]
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Animals that are reservoirs for pathogens
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are coming up right up against new agriculture,
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spilling over into the livestock, and then from there,
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spreading out onto the global travel network.
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[pensive music]
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Science is in the middle of a political battle.
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What direction are we going to continue
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to conduct our civilization?
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Are we going to continue on this pathway
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or are we going to choose a different path?
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And a path that lends itself to a better balance
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between our right to be here on the planet and survive
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and the animals and landscapes upon which we depend
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in order to do that.
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[pensive music]
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the threat of disease
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and despite so many breakthroughs in modern medicine,
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we find ourselves living under the shadow of pandemics
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that we struggle to contain.
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We have harmed the planet,
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and the planet will heal itself at our expense,
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at the expense of these global market rules.
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It\'s just an inevitability.
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The worry is that there\'s no handle on it.
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This thing is going to be a force all of its own.
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[pensive music]
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[birds chirping]
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the worst impacts of HIV.
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Millions of people have died.
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Millions of lives have been turned upside down.
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[device beeps]
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and we have another pandemic to tackle on top of HIV.
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Many fear this region will once again
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be pushed to the brink.
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[pensive music]
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Before I became a filmmaker, I worked in HIV prevention.
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[people singing in foreign language]
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Back then, hard lessons were learned,
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not just in South Africa, but globally.
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We learned that fewer people suffer and die
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where there is strong commitment to public health
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and that where there\'s the political will,
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everyone can have access to the medicine they need.
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As I said, we learnt this the hard way
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and only after a lot of unnecessary suffering.
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[volcano exploding]
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that has become a threat to us all.
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It is a deadly disease and there is no known cure.
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So far it\'s been confined to small groups,
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but it\'s spreading.
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If you ignore AIDS, it could be the death of you.
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So don\'t die of ignorance.
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through this kind of messaging.
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The implication was if you become infected,
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you only have yourself to blame.
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The people who were most affected by HIV
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were somehow narrowed down to the four Hs.
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According to the US Center for Disease Control in the 1980s,
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these were homosexuals, Haitians,
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[instrument rattling]
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heroin addicts, and hemophiliacs.
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[monkeys chattering and howling]
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We were told the virus originated in African monkeys,
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which we now know to be true,
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but the lack of information
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about how the virus jumped from one species to another
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led to some pretty offensive conclusions
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and stoked the blame game for the emerging health crisis.
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so revolting, until we are ready to discourage
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and do our dead level best to eliminate
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the types of activities
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which have caused the spread of the AIDS epidemic,
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I don\'t believe we\'re ever gonna solve it.
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67 international organizations.
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and health professionals were pushing for
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a progressive global health agenda.
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the Declaration of Alma-Ata.
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on weapons of destruction and we only spend
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a very, very small percentage of that
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to try and make people healthy
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and to provide education
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and to clean our rivers
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and to keep our air clean.
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which is a state of complete physical,
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mental, and social wellbeing,
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is a fundamental human right
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and that the attainment
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of the highest possible level of health
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is a most important worldwide social goal
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whose realization requires the action
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of many other social and economic sectors
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in addition to the health sector.
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new right wing leaders were pushing us away
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from any sense of collective social responsibility.
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to the list of contagious diseases
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for which immigrants and aliens
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seeking permanent residence in the United States
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can be denied entry.
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[contemplative music]
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against the invisible enemy,
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the China virus.
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We must hold accountable the nation
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which unleashed this plague
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onto the world, China.
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of bias against Chinese Americans in this country.
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Why do you keep using this?
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It comes from China.
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We think we have it very well under control.
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It\'s a little like the regular flu
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that we have flu shots for.
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Oh, it\'ll go away, like things go away.
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[suspenseful music]
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[percussive music]
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powerful country in the world has the highest
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number of deaths?
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[horns honking]
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of President Thabo Mbeki, Trump\'s denial of science
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was nothing new.
[people applauding]
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The question is, does a virus cause a syndrome?
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How does a virus cause a syndrome?
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It can\'t.
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[people cheering and applauding]
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the science and was deeply skeptical
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of antiretroviral drugs.
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[people cheering and applauding]
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His argument was that HIV was part
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of a continuing conspiracy against Africans.
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Treatment of AIDS was declared near impossible,
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impractical and not cost effective.
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He was so adamant about
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how toxic antiretrovirals were
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that it almost seemed that he would do anything
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in his power never to allow them
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to be used in South Africa.
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[people singing rhythmically]
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More children have been infected with HIV in South Africa
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over this two-day conference
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than will be infected in either the United Kingdom
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or the US in the whole of this year.
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And I think that\'s an important-
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because richer nations had access to the new drugs
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developed to treat HIV, but not South Africa.
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Not unless you had lots of money that is.
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For most of us, HIV infection was a death sentence.
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[baby crying]
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really hard around the exclusions that they had
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about which person was considered innocent enough
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to access ARVs.
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Those were regarded as nurses who had needle stick injuries.
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Somebody who was raped could access ARVs,
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but not somebody who was gay,
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not somebody who had consensual sex
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and then became HIV positive.
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Those were really difficult and dark times,
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and I think as a young lawyer activist,
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it really opened my eyes.
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[people singing rhythmically]
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The failure of not treating HIV
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lies in the political will of our government
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to treat disease.
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[solemn music]
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It took the power of the people
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through the Treatment Action Campaign
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to make ARV treatment a reality.
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to arrest the minister of health.
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[people shouting and singing]
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Treatment Action Campaign put up the entire miserable effect
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of AIDS right in his face.
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[dirt tumbling]
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overwhelming and depleting healthcare services
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and robbing schools of both students and teachers.
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the Treatment Action Campaign,
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aided by former President Nelson Mandela,
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ensured that this issue was firmly placed
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on the international agenda.
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[flag flapping]
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As the leaders of the global health response,
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President George Bush answered by championing
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their charitable efforts.
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He says, \"We have no medicines.
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Many hospitals tell people, \"You\'ve got AIDS.
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We can\'t help you. Go home and die.\"
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In an age of miraculous medicines,
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no person should have to hear those words.
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[people applauding]
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by Dr. Anthony Fauci.
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It benefited from the decision of one of the major companies
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to drop their patents voluntarily.
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This led to drugs being made available
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at a fraction of the price,
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but just for the developing world.
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For millions around the globe,
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the aid came too late.
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In South Africa alone,
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we currently have 9 million people who are HIV positive.
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[Siphokazi speaking foreign language]
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You used to see a person change to a skeleton.
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It used to be so scary.
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So yeah, HIV, I don\'t...
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[Siphokazi speaking in foreign language]
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[stirring music]
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treatment programs in the world,
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we still have not been able to control HIV transmission.
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[people speaking indistinctly]
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And so I turned my attention
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to working in HIV vaccine research
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so that we could find effective ways
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to prevent transmission.
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I\'m so glad that you\'ve chosen to participate
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in this study.
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Thank you for contributing to finding solutions.
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I get very emotional when I\'m talking about HIV.
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Because my mother, my father, my uncles, everyone.
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So we suffered a lot when I lost my parents
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\'cause of the HIV.
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267
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268
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269
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I was only 12.
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I had to go live with people.
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We had to get beg food from people because of HIV.
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I always thought if my mother was still alive,
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my parents were still alive, my life would\'ve changed.
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So HIV is, I don\'t know how to explain.
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I\'m very scared of HIV so that\'s why I always wanna try
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something that\'s gonna help in the future
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for this virus to be prevented.
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279
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an international collaboration to find an HIV vaccine.
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It\'s spearheaded by the HIV Vaccine Trials Network.
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Larry Corey heads up this vast organization
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which is publicly funded through the US government.
283
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[birds cawing]
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[device whirring]
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286
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by pharmaceutical companies.
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They in essence would decide what vaccines
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they were gonna invest in
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[kettle whistling]
290
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and the reality is,
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is that that often is a balance
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between their perceived market and societal need.
293
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[coffee pouring]
294
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That\'s gonna be a good cup of coffee.
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In HIV, there was a huge societal need.
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There was an enormous amount of infection
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in the underdeveloped world
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and the non-pharmaceutical market world.
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So you saw very rapid dropout, rapid disinvestment.
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One really needed to provide the clinical infrastructure
301
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to do the clinical trial.
302
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[birds chirping]
303
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This is the most expensive part of doing drug development.
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And we are going to, as a society, create an infrastructure.
305
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[contemplative music]
306
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307
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of antibody mediated prevention.
308
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A clinical trial with the most beautiful
309
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cutting edge vaccine science.
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It has taken decades to develop something that targets
311
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HIV\'s unique ability to evade a traditional vaccine.
312
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It feels like we\'re on the cusp of something
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really big here.
314
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[contemplative music]
315
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316
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was the first potent antibody that we were able
317
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to obtain from one of the volunteers.
318
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It turned out to be an individual
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who was in clinical trials volunteering at NIH,
320
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donated his blood and the serum
321
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had these tremendously potent antibodies against the virus.
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He was happy to volunteer and he knew that we isolated
323
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this antibody from him at the time.
324
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[people chattering]
325
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And when that was done,
326
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several labs found and were actually able
327
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to make in the lab, the protein, the antibody protein,
328
00:19:26.640 --> 00:19:29.643
that was able to kill, block HIV very potently.
329
00:19:30.600 --> 00:19:32.913
330
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331
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we\'re actually giving the antibody protein itself.
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If a person, an individual had those antibodies
333
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before they were actually exposed,
334
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they could be completely prevented from infection.
335
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So we\'re almost taking a step beyond a vaccine
336
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or skipping a step and actually giving the body
337
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the immune proteins itself.
338
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339
00:20:02.520 --> 00:20:05.580
could actually provide to someone who doesn\'t
340
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have HIV infection to actually prevent them
341
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from getting HIV, what a wonderful story,
342
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what a wonderful example of biology.
343
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[traffic humming]
344
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345
00:20:23.956 --> 00:20:25.108
346
00:20:25.108 --> 00:20:25.941
347
00:20:25.941 --> 00:20:27.043
348
00:20:27.043 --> 00:20:28.200
appointment today.
349
00:20:28.200 --> 00:20:30.240
350
00:20:30.240 --> 00:20:34.890
Justin Lofton who like Siphokazi was also HIV negative
351
00:20:34.890 --> 00:20:37.920
and had volunteered to join the HIV antibody
352
00:20:37.920 --> 00:20:39.873
prevention vaccine trials.
353
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354
00:20:43.650 --> 00:20:47.970
are at a 50% chance of contracting HIV
355
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within their lifetime right now.
356
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I think we\'re at a point where we are able
357
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to get the change we need.
358
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359
00:21:04.230 --> 00:21:09.230
HIV vaccine program on the Friday before Pride Weekend
360
00:21:09.360 --> 00:21:11.190
with Justin Lofton, who...
361
00:21:11.190 --> 00:21:12.570
What number infusion did you get today?
362
00:21:12.570 --> 00:21:14.283
363
00:21:17.760 --> 00:21:18.940
Can you hear me now?
364
00:21:18.940 --> 00:21:21.063
365
00:21:22.140 --> 00:21:27.140
366
00:21:27.960 --> 00:21:30.660
Being a Black gay man
367
00:21:30.660 --> 00:21:33.570
is a completely different thing.
368
00:21:33.570 --> 00:21:35.640
But they still tie in
369
00:21:35.640 --> 00:21:38.040
because it\'s like a double whammy.
370
00:21:38.040 --> 00:21:41.310
There are people who have been kicked out
371
00:21:41.310 --> 00:21:42.300
of their homes,
372
00:21:42.300 --> 00:21:45.270
left to fend for themselves, young and old,
373
00:21:45.270 --> 00:21:46.260
all because they\'re gay,
374
00:21:46.260 --> 00:21:48.960
all because they love differently.
375
00:21:48.960 --> 00:21:51.843
All right. [sighing lovingly]
[people kissing]
376
00:21:54.452 --> 00:21:56.373
[door creeks]
Be safe.
377
00:21:57.467 --> 00:21:58.475
Don\'t get in trouble.
378
00:21:58.475 --> 00:22:00.390
I chose to participate
379
00:22:00.390 --> 00:22:04.470
in the AMP study because for me,
380
00:22:04.470 --> 00:22:09.270
I am a Black gay man and I\'m at risk.
381
00:22:09.270 --> 00:22:13.293
I haven\'t always practiced safe sex.
382
00:22:15.090 --> 00:22:18.660
And I think for me as a person
383
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who kind of loves that liberation
384
00:22:20.610 --> 00:22:24.930
to do what I want, like most people.
385
00:22:24.930 --> 00:22:28.170
You want to feel like when you\'re doing something
386
00:22:28.170 --> 00:22:31.470
or you\'re having sex that it can be enjoyable
387
00:22:31.470 --> 00:22:36.000
without the fear of, \"Oh God,
388
00:22:36.000 --> 00:22:38.109
am I gonna contract HIV?\"
389
00:22:38.109 --> 00:22:43.109
[pensive music]
[traffic whooshing]
390
00:22:46.680 --> 00:22:48.660
391
00:22:48.660 --> 00:22:50.040
started on a napkin
392
00:22:50.040 --> 00:22:53.100
on the 19th floor of this hotel.
393
00:22:53.100 --> 00:22:55.350
394
00:22:55.350 --> 00:22:58.393
like, how would we test this?
395
00:22:58.393 --> 00:23:01.563
396
00:23:02.818 --> 00:23:05.485
[pensive music]
397
00:23:06.540 --> 00:23:09.570
398
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more so when you\'re dealing with viruses
399
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that are rapidly mutating.
400
00:23:14.220 --> 00:23:16.200
The reason we know what we know today
401
00:23:16.200 --> 00:23:20.163
is because scientists have cooperated across many countries.
402
00:23:22.440 --> 00:23:25.140
The trouble is we\'ve been moving increasingly
403
00:23:25.140 --> 00:23:28.710
in the direction of research becoming a private affair
404
00:23:28.710 --> 00:23:32.253
determined by competition and exclusivity.
405
00:23:34.674 --> 00:23:37.680
[people chatting indistinctly]
406
00:23:37.680 --> 00:23:41.760
The big takeout from HIV was the only massive investment
407
00:23:41.760 --> 00:23:44.610
into public health and sharing research
408
00:23:44.610 --> 00:23:46.863
could contain a deadly pandemic.
409
00:23:48.270 --> 00:23:52.380
In 2020, this put us in a prime position to collaborate
410
00:23:52.380 --> 00:23:56.403
in numerous international COVID vaccine trials.
411
00:23:57.464 --> 00:24:01.381
[people chatting indistinctly]
412
00:24:03.300 --> 00:24:04.500
413
00:24:04.500 --> 00:24:07.170
of COVID vaccine opportunities
414
00:24:07.170 --> 00:24:09.330
in terms of doing clinical research.
415
00:24:09.330 --> 00:24:11.310
And we need to also make sure that
416
00:24:11.310 --> 00:24:13.531
even though we are doing these trials,
417
00:24:13.531 --> 00:24:17.700
we have to make sure that we have access
418
00:24:17.700 --> 00:24:22.083
to vaccines should they be found to be efficacious.
419
00:24:23.856 --> 00:24:26.939
[suspenseful music]
420
00:24:27.900 --> 00:24:29.130
This is the worst part.
421
00:24:30.560 --> 00:24:33.643
422
00:24:36.361 --> 00:24:37.778
Good. Well, done.
423
00:24:39.992 --> 00:24:42.159
Doesn\'t get better. Right?
424
00:24:43.708 --> 00:24:44.768
425
00:24:44.768 --> 00:24:45.703
426
00:24:45.703 --> 00:24:48.450
427
00:24:48.450 --> 00:24:51.180
428
00:24:51.180 --> 00:24:54.060
and the endgame is an affordable intervention
429
00:24:54.060 --> 00:24:54.893
for the poor.
430
00:24:56.361 --> 00:24:57.194
That feels like a placebo.
431
00:24:58.923 --> 00:25:02.006
[suspenseful music]
432
00:25:03.840 --> 00:25:05.760
433
00:25:05.760 --> 00:25:08.550
it was very difficult to isolate an antibody
434
00:25:08.550 --> 00:25:09.720
from a person.
435
00:25:09.720 --> 00:25:13.620
In 2019, 2020, we can do that in a matter of weeks
436
00:25:13.620 --> 00:25:16.890
and we can do it 10 times, a hundred times faster
437
00:25:16.890 --> 00:25:18.450
and more efficiently.
438
00:25:18.450 --> 00:25:22.020
We have isolated antibodies from COVID infected people
439
00:25:22.020 --> 00:25:24.623
by the hundreds in a few weeks.
440
00:25:24.623 --> 00:25:27.000
[helicopter whirring]
441
00:25:27.000 --> 00:25:30.390
442
00:25:30.390 --> 00:25:32.913
was adapted to treat COVID infection.
443
00:25:33.810 --> 00:25:38.810
The big guinea pig was Trump just before the 2020 elections.
444
00:25:38.850 --> 00:25:41.400
445
00:25:41.400 --> 00:25:43.890
is an experimental antibody drug
446
00:25:43.890 --> 00:25:46.500
that\'s currently under clinical trial.
447
00:25:46.500 --> 00:25:51.120
448
00:25:51.120 --> 00:25:53.790
It brought to bear all kinds of technologies
449
00:25:53.790 --> 00:25:55.770
that are bearing fruit in other areas
450
00:25:55.770 --> 00:25:59.307
and one of those areas is emerging viruses like COVID.
451
00:25:59.307 --> 00:26:01.800
[machinery whirring]
452
00:26:01.800 --> 00:26:04.320
453
00:26:04.320 --> 00:26:07.410
announced this morning that the first eight participants
454
00:26:07.410 --> 00:26:10.346
in the first phase of its COVID-19 vaccine trial
455
00:26:10.346 --> 00:26:13.530
developed some antibodies after just one single dose.
456
00:26:13.530 --> 00:26:15.900
Now that\'s a promising sign from the trial
457
00:26:15.900 --> 00:26:17.591
done in collaboration
458
00:26:17.591 --> 00:26:19.773
with the National Institutes of Health.
459
00:26:21.210 --> 00:26:24.030
460
00:26:24.030 --> 00:26:27.513
poured billions into the development of COVID vaccines.
461
00:26:28.986 --> 00:26:31.470
[machinery whirring]
462
00:26:31.470 --> 00:26:34.890
In return for funding the manufacturer of vaccines,
463
00:26:34.890 --> 00:26:37.740
participating drug companies like Moderna
464
00:26:37.740 --> 00:26:40.530
were given full intellectual property rights
465
00:26:40.530 --> 00:26:41.853
over the finished product.
466
00:26:42.828 --> 00:26:46.620
[machinery whirring and clicking]
467
00:26:46.620 --> 00:26:48.570
Governments have essentially stepped in
468
00:26:48.570 --> 00:26:53.570
to de-risk investment, and in an ideal world,
469
00:26:53.790 --> 00:26:57.367
public money should mean greater public access.
470
00:26:57.367 --> 00:27:01.680
[people chatting indistinctly]
[pensive music]
471
00:27:01.680 --> 00:27:05.160
Tens of thousands of volunteers signed up to participate
472
00:27:05.160 --> 00:27:06.930
in clinical trials.
473
00:27:06.930 --> 00:27:09.810
I too joined one of the trials in the belief
474
00:27:09.810 --> 00:27:12.090
that my country would gain access
475
00:27:12.090 --> 00:27:14.793
to those vaccines that were successful.
476
00:27:16.483 --> 00:27:21.483
[dramatic music]
[people chatting indistinctly]
477
00:27:30.345 --> 00:27:32.430
478
00:27:32.430 --> 00:27:35.730
to be screened for participation.
479
00:27:35.730 --> 00:27:40.110
Almost 20% of them are testing positive for the virus.
480
00:27:40.110 --> 00:27:42.300
So that tells us that amount of people that have been
481
00:27:42.300 --> 00:27:44.490
infected in South Africa is huge.
482
00:27:44.490 --> 00:27:48.150
My estimate for the record is that nothing less than 40%
483
00:27:48.150 --> 00:27:50.200
of the people have already been infected.
484
00:27:53.040 --> 00:27:57.270
Right now we\'ve got the US that has already both vaccine in
485
00:27:57.270 --> 00:28:00.030
advance from three of the leading groups
486
00:28:00.030 --> 00:28:01.480
that are developing vaccines.
487
00:28:02.880 --> 00:28:05.700
So that means our opportunity to gain access
488
00:28:05.700 --> 00:28:07.260
to those vaccines are very limited
489
00:28:07.260 --> 00:28:08.643
as an individual country.
490
00:28:09.720 --> 00:28:11.730
491
00:28:11.730 --> 00:28:13.380
that things were going astray
492
00:28:13.380 --> 00:28:16.053
with South Africa\'s access to vaccines.
493
00:28:17.400 --> 00:28:20.190
As a middle income country and one so involved
494
00:28:20.190 --> 00:28:23.040
in vaccine development, there was no excuse
495
00:28:23.040 --> 00:28:26.400
for us not to have pre-purchased supplies
496
00:28:26.400 --> 00:28:28.920
for our own population.
497
00:28:28.920 --> 00:28:31.283
Still there would always be COVAX.
498
00:28:33.027 --> 00:28:34.171
[upbeat music]
499
00:28:34.171 --> 00:28:36.450
500
00:28:36.450 --> 00:28:40.140
that every country gets fair and equitable access
501
00:28:40.140 --> 00:28:42.900
to eventual COVID-19 vaccines.
502
00:28:42.900 --> 00:28:46.020
It\'s not about one country versus another,
503
00:28:46.020 --> 00:28:49.426
it\'s about one world protected.
504
00:28:49.426 --> 00:28:52.009
[upbeat music]
505
00:28:56.552 --> 00:28:59.219
[gentle music]
506
00:29:09.330 --> 00:29:12.180
507
00:29:12.180 --> 00:29:15.060
should ever, ever come before the health
508
00:29:15.060 --> 00:29:16.350
of the people that you\'re working with.
509
00:29:16.350 --> 00:29:18.390
There\'s no question about that.
510
00:29:18.390 --> 00:29:19.500
511
00:29:19.500 --> 00:29:22.593
of infectious disease control is Tony Fauci.
512
00:29:24.180 --> 00:29:28.680
For decades, he\'s been behind all the key interventions
513
00:29:28.680 --> 00:29:30.540
that have prevented outbreaks
514
00:29:30.540 --> 00:29:33.330
from becoming global pandemics:
515
00:29:33.330 --> 00:29:37.350
Ebola, Zika, SARS, you name it.
516
00:29:37.350 --> 00:29:42.319
But his life\'s work, his passion has centered around HIV.
517
00:29:42.319 --> 00:29:43.964
518
00:29:43.964 --> 00:29:44.940
Why don\'t you do that? Why don\'t you do that?
519
00:29:44.940 --> 00:29:47.240
You have to prioritize. That\'s [indistinct]...
520
00:29:48.660 --> 00:29:53.660
Most successful vaccines are against diseases
521
00:29:53.700 --> 00:29:57.750
in which ultimately the immune system clears the virus.
522
00:29:57.750 --> 00:29:59.610
So when you do a vaccine,
523
00:29:59.610 --> 00:30:04.610
you design it exactly to act like a natural infection.
524
00:30:05.010 --> 00:30:06.587
Don\'t want to do that with HIV
525
00:30:06.587 --> 00:30:09.900
\'cause you know that natural infection
526
00:30:09.900 --> 00:30:12.030
doesn\'t induce a good immune response.
527
00:30:12.030 --> 00:30:13.630
So you gotta do better with HIV.
528
00:30:15.106 --> 00:30:18.856
[stirring music]
529
00:30:22.776 --> 00:30:26.776
[people chatting indistinctly]
530
00:30:27.907 --> 00:30:30.180
531
00:30:30.180 --> 00:30:32.133
that\'s when our life started changing.
532
00:30:33.450 --> 00:30:35.073
We were left without food.
533
00:30:39.150 --> 00:30:42.900
So that\'s where I met Tommy in high school.
534
00:30:42.900 --> 00:30:45.720
He was asking me out. He used to give me money.
535
00:30:45.720 --> 00:30:48.480
And I said, \"This guy loves me. He\'s taking care of me.
536
00:30:48.480 --> 00:30:50.460
He\'s giving me money. Let\'s just go out.\"
537
00:30:50.460 --> 00:30:53.302
So that\'s how I got to date Tommy.
538
00:30:53.302 --> 00:30:56.135
[broom whooshing]
539
00:31:00.692 --> 00:31:03.180
He started having multiple partners.
540
00:31:03.180 --> 00:31:05.880
Someone used to tell me Tommy has a baby there.
541
00:31:05.880 --> 00:31:08.640
Tommy has impregnated a woman there.
542
00:31:08.640 --> 00:31:10.540
It gave me a lot of stress
543
00:31:11.640 --> 00:31:13.893
in terms of being in a risk.
544
00:31:15.020 --> 00:31:19.603
[Siphokazi speaks in foreign language]
545
00:31:24.949 --> 00:31:29.760
[speaks in foreign language] my results.
546
00:31:29.760 --> 00:31:31.192
547
00:31:31.192 --> 00:31:35.775
548
00:31:37.445 --> 00:31:38.607
This way.
549
00:31:38.607 --> 00:31:43.190
[Siphokazi speaks in foreign language]
550
00:31:50.467 --> 00:31:54.053
[doctor speaks in foreign language]
551
00:31:54.053 --> 00:31:58.136
[both speaking foreign language]
552
00:32:02.349 --> 00:32:05.782
553
00:32:05.782 --> 00:32:09.469
[both speaking foreign language]
554
00:32:09.469 --> 00:32:14.052
[Siphokazi speaks in foreign language]
555
00:32:16.342 --> 00:32:21.342
[upbeat music]
[people sing foreign language]
556
00:32:28.813 --> 00:32:31.903
[water sloshing]
557
00:32:31.903 --> 00:32:36.903
558
00:32:38.340 --> 00:32:41.730
You don\'t have to worry about acquiring HIV
559
00:32:41.730 --> 00:32:44.733
because you have something in your body that protects you.
560
00:32:47.070 --> 00:32:49.585
It\'s an empowerment tool.
561
00:32:49.585 --> 00:32:54.585
[pensive music]
[waves crashing]
562
00:33:03.840 --> 00:33:06.930
563
00:33:06.930 --> 00:33:10.140
are only two of the many zoonotic viruses
564
00:33:10.140 --> 00:33:11.913
that have jumped into humans,
565
00:33:13.050 --> 00:33:17.400
we need to know why in recent decades this is happening
566
00:33:17.400 --> 00:33:19.886
with increasing occurrence.
567
00:33:19.886 --> 00:33:22.969
[machinery whirring]
568
00:33:27.530 --> 00:33:30.447
[insects chirping]
569
00:33:33.990 --> 00:33:35.610
570
00:33:35.610 --> 00:33:37.950
by a new series of pathogens
571
00:33:37.950 --> 00:33:40.740
that are emerging out of the deep forest
572
00:33:40.740 --> 00:33:44.730
and spilling over into human populations.
573
00:33:44.730 --> 00:33:46.500
And that seems to be increasing
574
00:33:46.500 --> 00:33:48.273
since the start of the century.
575
00:33:50.910 --> 00:33:53.280
There\'s been some brilliant work done by scientists
576
00:33:53.280 --> 00:33:55.893
to illuminate the origins of HIV.
577
00:33:57.240 --> 00:34:00.540
Beatrice Hahn and her group in 2006
578
00:34:00.540 --> 00:34:04.950
were able to identify two chimp populations
579
00:34:04.950 --> 00:34:08.370
in southeastern Cameroon that were hosting
580
00:34:08.370 --> 00:34:10.950
simian immunodeficiency viruses that were
581
00:34:10.950 --> 00:34:13.743
the closest related to HIV1.
582
00:34:16.860 --> 00:34:18.930
A group that followed two years later
583
00:34:18.930 --> 00:34:22.140
led by Michael Worobey were able to put a date
584
00:34:22.140 --> 00:34:23.940
on that spillover event.
585
00:34:23.940 --> 00:34:26.160
The event happened in 1908,
586
00:34:26.160 --> 00:34:28.533
give or take 20 years on either side of that.
587
00:34:30.540 --> 00:34:34.860
What was going on in 1908 in this particular spot
588
00:34:34.860 --> 00:34:36.363
in southeastern Cameroon?
589
00:34:37.800 --> 00:34:41.310
It was a period of colonization and you had the French
590
00:34:41.310 --> 00:34:43.260
and Germans attempting to subjugate
591
00:34:43.260 --> 00:34:46.713
the local Indigenous groups into a new global economy.
592
00:34:51.180 --> 00:34:54.000
593
00:34:54.000 --> 00:34:57.270
required a large workforce to keep up with the demands
594
00:34:57.270 --> 00:35:00.180
for exports from the global north.
595
00:35:00.180 --> 00:35:04.170
To feed all these workers, corporations actually employed
596
00:35:04.170 --> 00:35:07.023
people en masse to hunt down bush meat.
597
00:35:08.248 --> 00:35:11.415
[contemplative music]
598
00:35:29.130 --> 00:35:31.510
599
00:35:32.820 --> 00:35:35.730
of virus from chimps to humans
600
00:35:35.730 --> 00:35:37.920
because they use it as bush meat.
601
00:35:37.920 --> 00:35:40.980
A man gets infected, he\'s out hunting the chimp.
602
00:35:40.980 --> 00:35:42.900
He gives it to his wife.
603
00:35:42.900 --> 00:35:44.670
She gets infected.
604
00:35:44.670 --> 00:35:49.350
They\'re monogamous. They both get sick, they both die.
605
00:35:49.350 --> 00:35:53.376
You don\'t notice it until you perturb civilization.
606
00:35:53.376 --> 00:35:56.293
[vehicle rumbling]
607
00:36:05.490 --> 00:36:08.760
It could have happened 50 years ago, a hundred years ago,
608
00:36:08.760 --> 00:36:10.080
200 years ago.
609
00:36:10.080 --> 00:36:13.410
But it happened with the right constellation
610
00:36:13.410 --> 00:36:16.515
of perturbing society.
611
00:36:16.515 --> 00:36:18.900
[machinery whirring]
612
00:36:18.900 --> 00:36:22.740
People start doing trucking, they stay away from home.
613
00:36:22.740 --> 00:36:26.760
Just the normal practices of your society lead to the spread
614
00:36:26.760 --> 00:36:28.233
of infectious disease.
615
00:36:29.791 --> 00:36:34.791
[machinery screeching]
[vehicle rumbling]
616
00:36:44.507 --> 00:36:46.321
[saw buzzing]
617
00:36:46.321 --> 00:36:51.321
618
00:36:51.588 --> 00:36:54.432
[tree crashing]
619
00:36:54.432 --> 00:36:57.394
[bats chirping and flapping]
620
00:36:57.394 --> 00:36:59.790
SARS1 emerged in 2002.
621
00:36:59.790 --> 00:37:02.940
It came out of bats in central China
622
00:37:02.940 --> 00:37:04.350
and a lot of work since then
623
00:37:04.350 --> 00:37:07.440
mapped out all the different types of coronaviruses
624
00:37:07.440 --> 00:37:09.903
across central and southern China.
625
00:37:11.308 --> 00:37:13.740
[tool scraping]
[machinery whirring]
626
00:37:13.740 --> 00:37:16.020
Increased exploitation of the landscape,
627
00:37:16.020 --> 00:37:18.540
increased the spillover events and to all sorts
628
00:37:18.540 --> 00:37:21.450
of other species that are suddenly finding themselves
629
00:37:21.450 --> 00:37:22.833
being sold at market.
630
00:37:24.483 --> 00:37:29.483
[pensive music]
[saw buzzing]
631
00:37:29.970 --> 00:37:33.963
Planet Earth is better known now as Planet Farm.
632
00:37:36.390 --> 00:37:41.390
[gentle music]
[tree crashing]
633
00:37:41.887 --> 00:37:44.250
There was a lot of focus on the GPS coordinates,
634
00:37:44.250 --> 00:37:48.270
the actual spot in which the virus emerged.
635
00:37:48.270 --> 00:37:52.410
The focus that was serving as a means of greenwashing
636
00:37:52.410 --> 00:37:55.170
the broader global political economy
637
00:37:55.170 --> 00:37:57.150
that was in fact driving the emergence
638
00:37:57.150 --> 00:37:58.443
of these new pathogens.
639
00:38:01.890 --> 00:38:04.890
We began to look at what are called circuits of capital,
640
00:38:04.890 --> 00:38:08.283
how capital moves from one side of the world to the other.
641
00:38:09.163 --> 00:38:12.030
And we came to the conclusion that places like London
642
00:38:12.030 --> 00:38:15.840
and New York, Hong Kong, which are the centers of capital,
643
00:38:15.840 --> 00:38:18.663
are the worst disease hotspots on the planet.
644
00:38:19.950 --> 00:38:22.950
In part because as being the source of the capital,
645
00:38:22.950 --> 00:38:26.040
driving the deforestation and development on one side
646
00:38:26.040 --> 00:38:27.420
of the world to the other,
647
00:38:27.420 --> 00:38:30.030
they were serving as the primary causes
648
00:38:30.030 --> 00:38:33.450
for the spillover events of pathogens
649
00:38:33.450 --> 00:38:36.213
from wildlife into livestock and humans.
650
00:38:37.496 --> 00:38:42.496
[contemplative music]
[fire crackling]
651
00:38:47.430 --> 00:38:51.420
652
00:38:51.420 --> 00:38:53.730
to another animal to a human.
653
00:38:53.730 --> 00:38:56.940
And then now it\'s not sexual practice.
654
00:38:56.940 --> 00:38:59.340
We\'re unlucky enough to have a virus
655
00:38:59.340 --> 00:39:02.520
that\'s spectacularly efficient in spreading
656
00:39:02.520 --> 00:39:06.150
from person to person by the respiratory route.
657
00:39:06.150 --> 00:39:08.580
And there\'s not much you can do about that.
658
00:39:08.580 --> 00:39:10.560
But as you guys were doing in Africa,
659
00:39:10.560 --> 00:39:12.990
locking yourselves into your house.
660
00:39:12.990 --> 00:39:15.000
But you can\'t do that forever.
661
00:39:15.000 --> 00:39:18.993
And that\'s how a respiratory infection spreads.
662
00:39:22.373 --> 00:39:24.840
663
00:39:24.840 --> 00:39:25.953
to a meeting.
664
00:39:27.540 --> 00:39:29.100
The minister of health was there.
665
00:39:29.100 --> 00:39:31.770
There were a whole lot of scientists and doctors.
666
00:39:31.770 --> 00:39:33.903
Shabir Madhi was at the meeting.
667
00:39:35.610 --> 00:39:39.570
668
00:39:39.570 --> 00:39:41.760
was going immediately into a lockdown.
669
00:39:41.760 --> 00:39:44.070
670
00:39:44.070 --> 00:39:47.610
and dramatically escalate our response.
671
00:39:47.610 --> 00:39:48.840
As a consequence,
672
00:39:48.840 --> 00:39:53.070
the National Coronavirus Command Council
673
00:39:53.070 --> 00:39:57.513
has decided to enforce a nationwide lockdown.
674
00:40:01.020 --> 00:40:02.460
675
00:40:02.460 --> 00:40:05.220
I think it was under the impression that we were somehow
676
00:40:05.220 --> 00:40:06.840
gonna contain the spread of this virus
677
00:40:06.840 --> 00:40:08.700
by going into a lockdown without having
678
00:40:08.700 --> 00:40:10.173
a testing strategy in place.
679
00:40:14.160 --> 00:40:17.070
680
00:40:17.070 --> 00:40:20.283
and harshest lockdowns at a global level,
681
00:40:21.420 --> 00:40:24.150
and we followed the example
682
00:40:24.150 --> 00:40:27.693
of high resourced or rich countries.
683
00:40:33.000 --> 00:40:36.990
684
00:40:36.990 --> 00:40:41.990
that purchase it, acquire it on a daily or bi-daily basis.
685
00:40:42.120 --> 00:40:43.590
You\'re telling them, \"You got four days.\"
686
00:40:43.590 --> 00:40:45.690
They don\'t have the resources to stockpile.
687
00:40:45.690 --> 00:40:47.460
But you got four days,
688
00:40:47.460 --> 00:40:49.760
and suddenly you can\'t do anything after that.
689
00:40:51.990 --> 00:40:53.790
Children were going hungry.
690
00:40:53.790 --> 00:40:55.740
They were not getting their square meal
691
00:40:57.330 --> 00:41:01.473
and malnourishment has now reached epidemic proportion.
692
00:41:02.747 --> 00:41:03.580
693
00:41:04.500 --> 00:41:05.903
I\'m the mother of them
694
00:41:05.903 --> 00:41:09.063
because I have to make sure these kids are getting food.
695
00:41:11.100 --> 00:41:12.870
I\'m just asking the government to come
696
00:41:12.870 --> 00:41:16.590
and look here and see how the people are suffering here.
697
00:41:16.590 --> 00:41:18.720
We vote for them, we put them up there,
698
00:41:18.720 --> 00:41:22.416
but they don\'t care about us during this coronavirus.
699
00:41:22.416 --> 00:41:26.416
[people chatting indistinctly]
700
00:41:27.405 --> 00:41:30.238
[birds chirping]
701
00:41:31.305 --> 00:41:34.403
[people speaking in foreign language]
702
00:41:34.403 --> 00:41:38.247
703
00:41:38.247 --> 00:41:40.770
and it\'s not a nice thing to happen
704
00:41:40.770 --> 00:41:44.370
\'cause now we\'re crowded in the house.
705
00:41:44.370 --> 00:41:46.530
There\'s no social distancing.
706
00:41:46.530 --> 00:41:48.750
Others go out, some don\'t do the precautions
707
00:41:48.750 --> 00:41:50.133
that are needed to be done.
708
00:41:51.210 --> 00:41:52.890
709
00:41:52.890 --> 00:41:56.223
that\'s just an affirmation of our sameness.
710
00:41:57.060 --> 00:42:00.580
We all have the receptor for the virus in our nose,
711
00:42:00.580 --> 00:42:03.413
[dramatic music]
712
00:42:04.410 --> 00:42:07.740
but the fuel of the virus\'s density.
713
00:42:07.740 --> 00:42:12.270
The fuel of the virus is close interpersonal contact,
714
00:42:12.270 --> 00:42:13.893
people who live in high density.
715
00:42:16.260 --> 00:42:19.080
So these disparities have been brought out, you know,
716
00:42:19.080 --> 00:42:24.080
magnified in all populations throughout the world.
717
00:42:24.472 --> 00:42:27.305
[Justin coughing]
718
00:42:31.470 --> 00:42:32.700
719
00:42:32.700 --> 00:42:35.550
like when breathing, it feels like
720
00:42:35.550 --> 00:42:38.340
I have like something in my chest.
721
00:42:38.340 --> 00:42:39.543
It\'s like pressure.
722
00:42:40.830 --> 00:42:43.290
So outside of that, trying to go to sleep at night
723
00:42:43.290 --> 00:42:47.120
has been real rough, so...
724
00:42:55.170 --> 00:43:00.170
HIV and AIDS, when you couple it with COVID-19,
725
00:43:01.650 --> 00:43:06.650
that really ties into some of the same concepts of access.
726
00:43:11.820 --> 00:43:15.690
I think the major difference is that coronavirus,
727
00:43:15.690 --> 00:43:18.420
it\'s been Black people from the beginning,
728
00:43:18.420 --> 00:43:20.310
I don\'t think we\'ve gotten the response
729
00:43:20.310 --> 00:43:21.603
that we needed because of the fact
730
00:43:21.603 --> 00:43:24.203
that it\'s impacting Black people disproportionately.
731
00:43:27.493 --> 00:43:30.300
[protestors shouting indistinctly]
732
00:43:30.300 --> 00:43:35.190
The communities that we come from are a direct contribution
733
00:43:35.190 --> 00:43:38.280
to our health outcomes.
734
00:43:38.280 --> 00:43:40.956
[protestors shouting indistinctly]
735
00:43:40.956 --> 00:43:42.359
736
00:43:42.359 --> 00:43:43.639
737
00:43:43.639 --> 00:43:45.107
738
00:43:45.107 --> 00:43:46.595
739
00:43:46.595 --> 00:43:48.759
740
00:43:48.759 --> 00:43:51.236
741
00:43:51.236 --> 00:43:54.690
[people cheering and applauding]
742
00:43:54.690 --> 00:43:58.500
743
00:43:58.500 --> 00:44:00.330
You know, in the United States with COVID,
744
00:44:00.330 --> 00:44:04.560
we have an extraordinary disparity.
745
00:44:04.560 --> 00:44:08.403
Whereas African Americans and Latinx and Asian Americans,
746
00:44:09.360 --> 00:44:11.430
their infection rate and death rate
747
00:44:11.430 --> 00:44:13.479
is enormously higher.
748
00:44:13.479 --> 00:44:17.820
[protestors shouting indistinctly]
749
00:44:17.820 --> 00:44:20.340
So when you\'re approaching a disease,
750
00:44:20.340 --> 00:44:22.350
you need to understand that.
751
00:44:22.350 --> 00:44:23.940
If you don\'t understand it,
752
00:44:23.940 --> 00:44:27.080
you\'re not gonna get your arms around the disease.
753
00:44:27.080 --> 00:44:31.380
[protestors shouting indistinctly]
754
00:44:31.380 --> 00:44:33.690
755
00:44:33.690 --> 00:44:37.800
and poor, it doesn\'t matter if you\'re in the global south
756
00:44:37.800 --> 00:44:39.333
or living in a wealthy nation,
757
00:44:40.200 --> 00:44:42.423
you\'re hanging on to life by a thread.
758
00:44:43.800 --> 00:44:46.020
Then these pandemics come along,
759
00:44:46.020 --> 00:44:50.433
COVID, HIV and the odds against you just stack up.
760
00:44:51.425 --> 00:44:55.425
[people shouting indistinctly]
761
00:44:56.614 --> 00:44:59.184
762
00:44:59.184 --> 00:45:03.101
[people speaking indistinctly]
763
00:45:05.517 --> 00:45:09.434
[people speaking indistinctly]
764
00:45:17.490 --> 00:45:22.260
765
00:45:22.260 --> 00:45:25.743
for the poor and we have no support for the sick?
766
00:45:26.730 --> 00:45:30.330
And so not only are we gonna see people dying
767
00:45:30.330 --> 00:45:32.820
from COVID-19 in our country,
768
00:45:32.820 --> 00:45:34.170
we\'re gonna see people dying
769
00:45:34.170 --> 00:45:36.903
from other diseases like HIV and TB.
770
00:45:41.520 --> 00:45:43.440
771
00:45:43.440 --> 00:45:48.440
reported coronavirus cases than any country in the world.
772
00:45:48.840 --> 00:45:50.430
773
00:45:50.430 --> 00:45:52.230
that public healthcare systems
774
00:45:52.230 --> 00:45:56.193
are the last fortress against pandemics once they\'ve broken.
775
00:45:57.090 --> 00:46:01.263
And in the United States the pioneer of privatization,
776
00:46:02.130 --> 00:46:05.490
COVID is showing how deadly it is to commodify
777
00:46:05.490 --> 00:46:07.053
the social right to health.
778
00:46:09.870 --> 00:46:12.990
779
00:46:12.990 --> 00:46:16.642
It had in in effect abandoned public health.
780
00:46:16.642 --> 00:46:18.820
The COVID-19 outbreak showed this
781
00:46:20.010 --> 00:46:23.253
in open clarity.
782
00:46:25.920 --> 00:46:28.530
When the Trump administration took over,
783
00:46:28.530 --> 00:46:31.170
he ended the pandemic preparation.
784
00:46:31.170 --> 00:46:33.420
He divested out of public health.
785
00:46:33.420 --> 00:46:37.560
That\'s in part how we\'ve arrived at this apparent clash
786
00:46:37.560 --> 00:46:41.451
between science on the one hand and Trump on the other.
787
00:46:41.451 --> 00:46:44.919
[crowd cheering and applauding]
788
00:46:44.919 --> 00:46:46.980
[horns honking]
789
00:46:46.980 --> 00:46:49.200
790
00:46:49.200 --> 00:46:52.170
he remains diplomatic about the deep rifts
791
00:46:52.170 --> 00:46:54.813
forming between him and his president.
792
00:46:56.310 --> 00:46:59.880
793
00:46:59.880 --> 00:47:00.753
for a pandemic.
794
00:47:01.740 --> 00:47:06.513
But as it turned out, when you get a whopper like COVID-19,
795
00:47:07.770 --> 00:47:10.680
you\'re never as prepared as you really want to be.
796
00:47:10.680 --> 00:47:13.300
So that was the tension that
797
00:47:15.240 --> 00:47:18.690
sort of merged into some political divisiveness
798
00:47:18.690 --> 00:47:19.523
in the country.
799
00:47:23.760 --> 00:47:27.360
800
00:47:27.360 --> 00:47:31.770
even after Obamacare, 24 million Americans are underinsured.
801
00:47:31.770 --> 00:47:35.460
Whole swaths of the country are in essence disconnected
802
00:47:35.460 --> 00:47:39.783
out of our capacity to intervene in their health.
803
00:47:44.486 --> 00:47:49.486
[people chatting indistinctly]
[pensive music]
804
00:47:53.760 --> 00:47:56.460
805
00:47:56.460 --> 00:48:00.090
public health service, free at the point of delivery
806
00:48:00.090 --> 00:48:03.183
was seen as a basic right within a democracy.
807
00:48:05.070 --> 00:48:07.380
808
00:48:07.380 --> 00:48:08.947
government saying, \"Hey, you know,
809
00:48:08.947 --> 00:48:13.530
this is a public good that we\'re obliged to provide.\"
810
00:48:13.530 --> 00:48:17.640
It was a really important communal trend,
811
00:48:17.640 --> 00:48:20.710
the NHS being the perfect example of that.
812
00:48:21.648 --> 00:48:24.898
[contemplative music]
813
00:48:29.373 --> 00:48:30.300
814
00:48:30.300 --> 00:48:33.360
of new technology, all of that requires great-
815
00:48:33.360 --> 00:48:37.980
816
00:48:37.980 --> 00:48:40.341
817
00:48:40.341 --> 00:48:41.970
[host speaks indistinctly]
unless we compete.
818
00:48:41.970 --> 00:48:44.490
819
00:48:44.490 --> 00:48:48.180
was able to capture the trends in disease
820
00:48:48.180 --> 00:48:52.053
and treatment now had a cost to it.
821
00:48:53.520 --> 00:48:58.520
So what emerged was the increasing encroachment
822
00:48:58.710 --> 00:49:03.243
of the financial model into this communal endeavor.
823
00:49:04.650 --> 00:49:06.510
[static crackling]
824
00:49:06.510 --> 00:49:07.980
825
00:49:07.980 --> 00:49:10.140
is the only international organization
826
00:49:10.140 --> 00:49:13.410
dealing with the global rules of trade between nations.
827
00:49:13.410 --> 00:49:17.070
Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly,
828
00:49:17.070 --> 00:49:19.200
predictably, and freely as possible.
829
00:49:19.200 --> 00:49:21.120
The result is a more prosperous,
830
00:49:21.120 --> 00:49:24.568
peaceful and accountable economic world.
831
00:49:24.568 --> 00:49:27.900
832
00:49:28.980 --> 00:49:30.810
ushered in an agreement called
833
00:49:30.810 --> 00:49:34.650
the trade related aspects of intellectual property,
834
00:49:34.650 --> 00:49:36.540
commonly known as TRIPs.
835
00:49:36.540 --> 00:49:39.750
836
00:49:39.750 --> 00:49:42.090
that we have a TRIPs council,
837
00:49:42.090 --> 00:49:45.930
which for the first ever time is completely devoted
838
00:49:45.930 --> 00:49:50.930
to the linkage between intellectual property and health.
839
00:49:51.840 --> 00:49:53.700
840
00:49:53.700 --> 00:49:56.400
intellectual property rights, linking them
841
00:49:56.400 --> 00:49:57.855
to trade agreements.
842
00:49:57.855 --> 00:49:58.787
843
00:49:58.787 --> 00:50:01.200
844
00:50:01.200 --> 00:50:06.200
The gradual slip away from the communal approach began.
845
00:50:06.270 --> 00:50:08.970
846
00:50:08.970 --> 00:50:13.530
sell or import unpatented generic drugs.
847
00:50:13.530 --> 00:50:16.800
Drug companies could set the price of drugs
848
00:50:16.800 --> 00:50:18.480
as high as they liked,
849
00:50:18.480 --> 00:50:22.110
keeping their shareholders happy even with the knowledge
850
00:50:22.110 --> 00:50:26.249
that this would adversely affect the developing world.
851
00:50:26.249 --> 00:50:29.499
[contemplative music]
852
00:50:40.380 --> 00:50:42.690
853
00:50:42.690 --> 00:50:47.460
when I spoke on behalf of the ANC in 1991, 1990,
854
00:50:47.460 --> 00:50:50.340
to the entire pharma industry who had invited us.
855
00:50:50.340 --> 00:50:53.580
First question, will you respect patents?
856
00:50:53.580 --> 00:50:54.753
First question.
857
00:50:56.310 --> 00:51:00.300
The an ANC\'s health policy adopted by the first parliament
858
00:51:00.300 --> 00:51:03.390
in a democratic era, it had within it
859
00:51:03.390 --> 00:51:06.900
all the most progressive ideas around healthcare.
860
00:51:06.900 --> 00:51:10.110
This was rooted in community needs
861
00:51:10.110 --> 00:51:12.513
as expressed by communities.
862
00:51:13.620 --> 00:51:16.500
So the massive clinic building program began,
863
00:51:16.500 --> 00:51:17.893
largest in the world.
864
00:51:17.893 --> 00:51:21.930
1,000 primary healthcare centers and we achieved
865
00:51:21.930 --> 00:51:24.900
the goal of healthcare within 10 kilometers
866
00:51:24.900 --> 00:51:26.260
of every South African.
867
00:51:27.930 --> 00:51:29.820
In the pharmaceutical approach,
868
00:51:29.820 --> 00:51:33.900
it took the view that there are rules and they\'re in place.
869
00:51:33.900 --> 00:51:38.670
But where the patents harm healthcare,
870
00:51:38.670 --> 00:51:40.653
we will have to make another plan.
871
00:51:41.550 --> 00:51:46.110
To bring in drugs, parallel import, compulsory licensing.
872
00:51:46.110 --> 00:51:48.603
This spooked the industry globally.
873
00:51:50.100 --> 00:51:52.590
Then began the backlash,
874
00:51:52.590 --> 00:51:56.310
quietly between heads of industry
875
00:51:56.310 --> 00:52:00.420
and our diplomats, between political leaders in the West
876
00:52:00.420 --> 00:52:02.013
and our political leaders.
877
00:52:02.970 --> 00:52:05.940
To explain that, listen, the world is a little bit different
878
00:52:05.940 --> 00:52:08.910
to this idealistic approach you\'re taking.
879
00:52:08.910 --> 00:52:12.300
880
00:52:12.300 --> 00:52:15.060
All joined together to fight the drug companies.
881
00:52:15.060 --> 00:52:18.227
Never again will it be said that we are the [indistinct]
882
00:52:18.227 --> 00:52:20.401
of the drug companies.
883
00:52:20.401 --> 00:52:21.887
We will fight drug companies.
884
00:52:21.887 --> 00:52:22.720
We will fight government.
885
00:52:22.720 --> 00:52:24.840
886
00:52:24.840 --> 00:52:27.300
was really bad.
887
00:52:27.300 --> 00:52:31.200
The new triple cocktail drug cost a staggering
888
00:52:31.200 --> 00:52:34.470
15,000 US dollars a year.
889
00:52:34.470 --> 00:52:37.950
The price bore no relation to the cost
890
00:52:37.950 --> 00:52:39.453
of producing the drug.
891
00:52:40.410 --> 00:52:43.200
But when an Indian company made a generic version
892
00:52:43.200 --> 00:52:45.450
at a fraction of this cost,
893
00:52:45.450 --> 00:52:49.447
we were told by the US and the pharmaceutical industry,
894
00:52:49.447 --> 00:52:52.827
\"Comply with TRIPs or else.\"
895
00:52:53.940 --> 00:52:57.000
896
00:52:57.000 --> 00:53:00.810
It actually was avoidable because of the way in which
897
00:53:00.810 --> 00:53:02.610
patent monopolies operated,
898
00:53:02.610 --> 00:53:04.890
because of the way in which power operated
899
00:53:04.890 --> 00:53:06.930
and because of the role of the drug companies.
900
00:53:06.930 --> 00:53:09.690
Everywhere where there were poor people living with HIV,
901
00:53:09.690 --> 00:53:12.480
they weren\'t able to access ARVs.
902
00:53:12.480 --> 00:53:14.730
At a global level, death was on a scale
903
00:53:14.730 --> 00:53:16.680
that was so unprecedented and it\'s something
904
00:53:16.680 --> 00:53:19.170
that we are seeing again with COVID-19
905
00:53:19.170 --> 00:53:21.630
and I really don\'t know how we course correct
906
00:53:21.630 --> 00:53:24.303
to avoid that kind of devastation going forward.
907
00:53:25.710 --> 00:53:28.923
908
00:53:30.870 --> 00:53:32.430
It\'s the big funds,
909
00:53:32.430 --> 00:53:37.430
the hedge funds, private equity, that holds big pharma.
910
00:53:37.500 --> 00:53:41.640
They need a return, a return on investment that they mark.
911
00:53:41.640 --> 00:53:45.490
So the pharma company has just got to produce those returns
912
00:53:46.740 --> 00:53:49.983
and the only way it does that is through price management.
913
00:53:51.834 --> 00:53:54.540
[looming music]
914
00:53:54.540 --> 00:53:57.840
And price in pharma
915
00:53:57.840 --> 00:53:59.970
equates to access.
916
00:53:59.970 --> 00:54:03.960
So if you\'re going to, you know, run big pharma,
917
00:54:03.960 --> 00:54:06.910
you want to ensure that your product
918
00:54:07.950 --> 00:54:10.290
can\'t be replicated anywhere else,
919
00:54:10.290 --> 00:54:12.450
that you are the sole provider of it,
920
00:54:12.450 --> 00:54:15.052
and you can make huge profits.
921
00:54:15.052 --> 00:54:18.480
[intercom speaker speaking indistinctly]
922
00:54:18.480 --> 00:54:21.720
923
00:54:21.720 --> 00:54:24.063
became a flashpoint for resistance.
924
00:54:25.920 --> 00:54:29.940
Inside the conference room, TRIPs were supported
925
00:54:29.940 --> 00:54:33.480
by all the powerful players, the US,
926
00:54:33.480 --> 00:54:36.450
the European Union and others.
927
00:54:36.450 --> 00:54:40.170
But the sheer number of people on the streets outside
928
00:54:40.170 --> 00:54:42.930
gave countries that didn\'t want TRIPs
929
00:54:42.930 --> 00:54:44.973
the confidence to take a stand.
930
00:54:45.839 --> 00:54:48.756
[crowd chattering]
931
00:54:50.362 --> 00:54:54.587
932
00:54:54.587 --> 00:54:56.580
[people shouting]
933
00:54:56.580 --> 00:54:58.440
934
00:54:58.440 --> 00:55:00.658
are being declared a failure.
935
00:55:00.658 --> 00:55:05.573
936
00:55:05.573 --> 00:55:09.390
And as global economy, we are bound together
937
00:55:09.390 --> 00:55:12.780
in a way that we never have been before.
938
00:55:12.780 --> 00:55:14.640
939
00:55:14.640 --> 00:55:17.940
lower and middle income countries won concessions
940
00:55:17.940 --> 00:55:20.523
to produce an import generic medicine.
941
00:55:21.660 --> 00:55:24.960
But it would only be 15 years later
942
00:55:24.960 --> 00:55:26.790
at this Kenyan Conference
943
00:55:26.790 --> 00:55:29.970
that full ratification would happen.
944
00:55:29.970 --> 00:55:33.390
945
00:55:33.390 --> 00:55:36.095
and the least developed countries.
946
00:55:36.095 --> 00:55:41.095
[people applauding]
[upbeat music]
947
00:55:43.020 --> 00:55:46.590
948
00:55:46.590 --> 00:55:47.790
to the global agreement,
949
00:55:47.790 --> 00:55:51.000
which deals with intellectual property rights and trade
950
00:55:51.000 --> 00:55:54.030
known as the TRIPs agreement.
951
00:55:54.030 --> 00:55:57.210
And it responds to a public health concern
952
00:55:57.210 --> 00:55:59.160
among developing countries.
953
00:55:59.160 --> 00:56:01.983
It\'s all about access to medicines.
954
00:56:03.720 --> 00:56:05.400
Under the old system,
955
00:56:05.400 --> 00:56:09.570
the rules restricted the export of generic medicines.
956
00:56:09.570 --> 00:56:12.900
So if you couldn\'t produce the medicines domestically,
957
00:56:12.900 --> 00:56:15.123
the rules made it difficult to import them.
958
00:56:16.170 --> 00:56:19.200
Now this meant that the poorest would face
959
00:56:19.200 --> 00:56:22.953
the biggest hurdles in accessing essential drugs.
960
00:56:24.480 --> 00:56:28.023
But now this matter has been resolved once and for all.
961
00:56:34.661 --> 00:56:37.440
962
00:56:37.440 --> 00:56:39.690
because pharmaceutical companies have laws
963
00:56:39.690 --> 00:56:43.140
they can and they do use against poorer countries
964
00:56:43.140 --> 00:56:46.017
who try to bypass patents.
965
00:56:46.017 --> 00:56:48.767
[water rippling]
966
00:56:51.150 --> 00:56:55.530
967
00:56:55.530 --> 00:57:00.530
but mostly it\'s quiet and it\'s sustained pressure
968
00:57:02.580 --> 00:57:05.190
with a little bit of a squeeze here
969
00:57:05.190 --> 00:57:07.770
if you don\'t play ball quite.
970
00:57:07.770 --> 00:57:10.830
You know, your commodities might get restricted
971
00:57:10.830 --> 00:57:13.533
or you\'d get this, so you gotta play this game.
972
00:57:15.098 --> 00:57:17.931
[dramatic music]
973
00:57:28.500 --> 00:57:31.320
974
00:57:31.320 --> 00:57:34.890
we were not prepared for how COVID would play out
975
00:57:34.890 --> 00:57:38.283
and once more, there is a massive loss of life.
976
00:57:42.840 --> 00:57:47.550
977
00:57:47.550 --> 00:57:49.950
running properly, but at the same time,
978
00:57:49.950 --> 00:57:51.693
the public service was in decline.
979
00:57:52.740 --> 00:57:56.610
So there came a point where the increase in AIDS
980
00:57:56.610 --> 00:58:01.290
and HIV services hit the corresponding decline
981
00:58:01.290 --> 00:58:03.210
in the public health sector.
982
00:58:03.210 --> 00:58:08.210
Now that\'s a stark example of why the lack of investment
983
00:58:08.610 --> 00:58:12.780
in the public sector has had such a profound effect
984
00:58:12.780 --> 00:58:14.860
on the way we respond to COVID.
985
00:58:18.076 --> 00:58:21.243
[contemplative music]
986
00:58:29.460 --> 00:58:33.460
[people chatting indistinctly]
987
00:58:45.683 --> 00:58:46.660
988
00:58:46.660 --> 00:58:48.000
989
00:58:48.000 --> 00:58:49.223
relax your arm down, okay, perfect.
990
00:58:54.786 --> 00:58:59.651
You ready?
991
00:58:59.651 --> 00:59:01.169
992
00:59:01.169 --> 00:59:02.836
993
00:59:04.740 --> 00:59:06.063
994
00:59:07.290 --> 00:59:09.633
995
00:59:11.580 --> 00:59:12.543
Chair number one.
996
00:59:15.058 --> 00:59:18.975
[people chatting indistinctly]
997
00:59:21.660 --> 00:59:22.530
[patient sighing]
998
00:59:22.530 --> 00:59:23.820
999
00:59:23.820 --> 00:59:27.270
like this when you were part of it from the very beginning
1000
00:59:27.270 --> 00:59:28.923
all the way to the end like this?
1001
00:59:30.000 --> 00:59:32.490
1002
00:59:32.490 --> 00:59:35.157
You know, a lot of pride in that
1003
00:59:35.157 --> 00:59:38.550
and in all the stuff I did in AIDS therapy.
1004
00:59:38.550 --> 00:59:42.670
I guess nothing as dramatic as this,
1005
00:59:43.952 --> 00:59:47.202
nothing as dramatic as this, sort of...
1006
00:59:52.110 --> 00:59:55.350
You almost can\'t believe it
1007
00:59:55.350 --> 00:59:58.350
because how it\'s affected everybody\'s life including my own.
1008
01:00:01.890 --> 01:00:05.310
I just sort of started tearing up.
1009
01:00:05.310 --> 01:00:08.626
1010
01:00:08.626 --> 01:00:12.626
It really was like I didn\'t expect it, you know?
1011
01:00:15.960 --> 01:00:16.793
1012
01:00:16.793 --> 01:00:19.770
It\'s taken nearly a decade for the HIV vaccine
1013
01:00:19.770 --> 01:00:23.070
to get where it is, but with COVID,
1014
01:00:23.070 --> 01:00:25.263
we are looking at the end of this year.
1015
01:00:26.340 --> 01:00:28.800
1016
01:00:28.800 --> 01:00:31.410
We started that vaccine work in HIV
1017
01:00:31.410 --> 01:00:36.330
in 1986 or \'7. [chuckles]
1018
01:00:36.330 --> 01:00:39.840
The AMP study, if it works,
1019
01:00:39.840 --> 01:00:42.060
if we do get protection,
1020
01:00:42.060 --> 01:00:46.560
will be the first in a multi-step process
1021
01:00:46.560 --> 01:00:49.320
of getting very good protection
1022
01:00:49.320 --> 01:00:51.033
by passive transfer of antibodies.
1023
01:00:51.930 --> 01:00:53.613
Definitely worth the investment,
1024
01:00:56.310 --> 01:00:59.760
particularly among women
1025
01:00:59.760 --> 01:01:03.930
in South Africa who are at such enormous risk
1026
01:01:03.930 --> 01:01:05.133
of getting infected.
1027
01:01:07.620 --> 01:01:08.970
1028
01:01:08.970 --> 01:01:12.603
as the first COVID vaccines were gaining emergency approval,
1029
01:01:13.440 --> 01:01:16.350
early results of the AMP trial were released
1030
01:01:16.350 --> 01:01:20.043
providing some hope at last for an HIV vaccine.
1031
01:01:21.775 --> 01:01:25.025
[contemplative music]
1032
01:01:33.540 --> 01:01:36.090
1033
01:01:36.090 --> 01:01:37.560
1034
01:01:37.560 --> 01:01:42.186
So this shows you that the infection rate was lower
1035
01:01:42.186 --> 01:01:44.940
in the treatment arms, in the infusion arms.
1036
01:01:44.940 --> 01:01:47.880
It shows us that the infusion did work.
1037
01:01:47.880 --> 01:01:49.259
1038
01:01:49.259 --> 01:01:51.030
1039
01:01:51.030 --> 01:01:54.783
the infusion did work.
1040
01:01:56.730 --> 01:01:57.750
I\'m very happy.
1041
01:01:57.750 --> 01:01:58.590
1042
01:01:58.590 --> 01:02:00.090
1043
01:02:00.090 --> 01:02:03.060
1044
01:02:03.060 --> 01:02:05.540
So by volunteering in a study...
1045
01:02:06.423 --> 01:02:09.006
[gentle music]
1046
01:02:20.984 --> 01:02:22.799
[birds chirping]
1047
01:02:22.799 --> 01:02:24.120
1048
01:02:24.120 --> 01:02:27.570
of the AMP trial, a vaccine that prevents HIV
1049
01:02:27.570 --> 01:02:29.133
is finally in sight.
1050
01:02:30.420 --> 01:02:33.363
But what will this really mean for the world\'s poor?
1051
01:02:34.620 --> 01:02:37.590
Will the vaccine get to the people who need it
1052
01:02:37.590 --> 01:02:40.380
or like COVID, will patents be used
1053
01:02:40.380 --> 01:02:45.120
to limit supplies ensuring higher profits
1054
01:02:45.120 --> 01:02:47.703
for a small group of powerful companies?
1055
01:02:49.283 --> 01:02:52.033
[sirens blaring]
1056
01:02:55.944 --> 01:02:59.111
[contemplative music]
1057
01:03:00.972 --> 01:03:02.377
[patient gasping and coughing]
1058
01:03:02.377 --> 01:03:03.570
1059
01:03:03.570 --> 01:03:05.951
the second COVID-19 wave official.
1060
01:03:05.951 --> 01:03:07.710
1061
01:03:07.710 --> 01:03:10.657
has been identified in South Africa.
1062
01:03:10.657 --> 01:03:11.761
1063
01:03:11.761 --> 01:03:12.719
1064
01:03:12.719 --> 01:03:15.300
1065
01:03:15.300 --> 01:03:17.580
is going to be more severe than what we experienced
1066
01:03:17.580 --> 01:03:19.620
during the course of the first wave.
1067
01:03:19.620 --> 01:03:21.840
None of the models had actually factored in
1068
01:03:21.840 --> 01:03:24.360
or considered that this virus was going to undergo
1069
01:03:24.360 --> 01:03:26.520
such mutations that was going to make it
1070
01:03:26.520 --> 01:03:29.070
much more transmissible than the virus
1071
01:03:29.070 --> 01:03:31.503
that was articulating the first time around.
1072
01:03:33.840 --> 01:03:36.450
1073
01:03:36.450 --> 01:03:38.850
because they don\'t have proper PPE.
1074
01:03:38.850 --> 01:03:42.030
We don\'t even know how many beds there are available
1075
01:03:42.030 --> 01:03:43.278
in South Africa.
1076
01:03:43.278 --> 01:03:45.625
There is not enough oxygen in Africa.
1077
01:03:45.625 --> 01:03:46.770
There\'s not enough production.
1078
01:03:46.770 --> 01:03:49.513
We do need oxygen and we need it urgently.
1079
01:03:49.513 --> 01:03:52.013
[gas hissing]
1080
01:03:54.469 --> 01:03:58.500
[machines beeping]
[people speaking faintly]
1081
01:03:58.500 --> 01:04:01.410
We have a fractured health system in South Africa.
1082
01:04:01.410 --> 01:04:04.650
For years we\'ve been trying to make sure that there is
1083
01:04:04.650 --> 01:04:08.490
a better way of running the health system in South Africa.
1084
01:04:08.490 --> 01:04:12.210
We have a public-private health system
1085
01:04:12.210 --> 01:04:14.910
where the majority of the money
1086
01:04:14.910 --> 01:04:17.220
is spent on the minority of people.
1087
01:04:17.220 --> 01:04:19.650
And so people with medical insurances and medical aids
1088
01:04:19.650 --> 01:04:23.940
in South Africa have sometimes the world\'s best care.
1089
01:04:23.940 --> 01:04:26.369
Whereas our public sector patients
1090
01:04:26.369 --> 01:04:28.980
get sometimes the worst care.
1091
01:04:28.980 --> 01:04:31.830
And so we have to find a better way
1092
01:04:31.830 --> 01:04:33.363
of managing our health system.
1093
01:04:34.965 --> 01:04:38.965
[people chatting indistinctly]
1094
01:04:40.680 --> 01:04:42.360
1095
01:04:42.360 --> 01:04:45.960
that\'s actually seeded and that\'s for all of Sub-Saharan,
1096
01:04:45.960 --> 01:04:47.520
all of Africa essentially.
1097
01:04:47.520 --> 01:04:50.130
We don\'t have resilient healthcare systems.
1098
01:04:50.130 --> 01:04:52.680
Be it in terms of prevention of infections
1099
01:04:52.680 --> 01:04:55.683
or even when it comes to the actual management of cases.
1100
01:04:57.600 --> 01:05:00.330
I think there\'s very few countries in the world
1101
01:05:00.330 --> 01:05:03.090
with public health systems resilient enough
1102
01:05:03.090 --> 01:05:05.910
to actually manage the outbreaks once the virus
1103
01:05:05.910 --> 01:05:07.350
had fully seeded.
1104
01:05:07.350 --> 01:05:09.420
For countries such as China, South Korea,
1105
01:05:09.420 --> 01:05:11.850
those countries were able to contain the spread of the virus
1106
01:05:11.850 --> 01:05:13.710
at a relatively early stage.
1107
01:05:13.710 --> 01:05:16.470
But they could only contain a virus at an early stage
1108
01:05:16.470 --> 01:05:19.020
because of investment in healthcare systems
1109
01:05:19.020 --> 01:05:21.120
that were adequately structured
1110
01:05:21.120 --> 01:05:23.280
to be able to identify and respond
1111
01:05:23.280 --> 01:05:24.963
to a pandemic early enough.
1112
01:05:28.110 --> 01:05:32.400
1113
01:05:32.400 --> 01:05:35.250
about why it is taking so long for the country
1114
01:05:35.250 --> 01:05:37.950
to receive the COVID-19 vaccine.
1115
01:05:37.950 --> 01:05:40.230
1116
01:05:40.230 --> 01:05:43.140
at the beginning of this pandemic, but at the same time,
1117
01:05:43.140 --> 01:05:46.560
rich countries were already buying up supplies,
1118
01:05:46.560 --> 01:05:48.690
what we call the advanced market commitments
1119
01:05:48.690 --> 01:05:52.530
or pre-dosages of something that was not yet on the market.
1120
01:05:52.530 --> 01:05:57.510
13% of the world\'s population who reside in rich countries
1121
01:05:57.510 --> 01:05:59.520
had bought up more than half of the world\'s
1122
01:05:59.520 --> 01:06:02.182
potential supply of vaccine.
1123
01:06:02.182 --> 01:06:04.932
[waves crashing]
1124
01:06:05.820 --> 01:06:07.950
1125
01:06:07.950 --> 01:06:09.090
vaccine nationalism.
1126
01:06:09.090 --> 01:06:11.400
They bought for their own countries.
1127
01:06:11.400 --> 01:06:12.990
In fact, some cases two or three,
1128
01:06:12.990 --> 01:06:16.200
in one case even five times the amount that\'s required
1129
01:06:16.200 --> 01:06:18.090
for the population.
1130
01:06:18.090 --> 01:06:20.280
1131
01:06:20.280 --> 01:06:22.950
that have been introduced into public immunization programs
1132
01:06:22.950 --> 01:06:24.810
against life-threatening diseases,
1133
01:06:24.810 --> 01:06:27.060
it\'s taken 10 to 20 years before those vaccines
1134
01:06:27.060 --> 01:06:29.820
become available in low income countries
1135
01:06:29.820 --> 01:06:31.050
compared to when they\'re introduced
1136
01:06:31.050 --> 01:06:32.300
in high income countries.
1137
01:06:35.001 --> 01:06:37.330
1138
01:06:38.760 --> 01:06:42.240
Eight years after the therapeutics were available
1139
01:06:42.240 --> 01:06:45.660
in the West, we had not received them,
1140
01:06:45.660 --> 01:06:47.583
and we lost 10 million people.
1141
01:06:48.780 --> 01:06:53.780
It\'s the old movie again. We have no access to vaccines.
1142
01:06:53.848 --> 01:06:57.098
[contemplative music]
1143
01:07:08.220 --> 01:07:11.100
We were led down the garden path.
1144
01:07:11.100 --> 01:07:14.803
Okay, we got to December, believing that the whole world
1145
01:07:14.803 --> 01:07:18.150
was coming together to purchase vaccines.
1146
01:07:18.150 --> 01:07:22.410
Not knowing that we had been corralled into a little corner
1147
01:07:22.410 --> 01:07:26.433
whilst the others ran off and secured the supplies.
1148
01:07:28.330 --> 01:07:30.300
It was deliberate.
1149
01:07:30.300 --> 01:07:33.180
Those with the resources pushed their way to the front
1150
01:07:33.180 --> 01:07:37.683
of the queue and took control of their production assets.
1151
01:07:39.900 --> 01:07:42.120
1152
01:07:42.120 --> 01:07:45.960
If you rely on charity and if you rely only
1153
01:07:45.960 --> 01:07:49.080
on the benevolence of the pharmaceutical industry,
1154
01:07:49.080 --> 01:07:50.613
you will secure nothing.
1155
01:07:51.930 --> 01:07:54.630
1156
01:07:54.630 --> 01:07:59.370
to peg a whole nation\'s health and welfare on charity
1157
01:07:59.370 --> 01:08:00.813
seems crazy to me,
1158
01:08:01.920 --> 01:08:04.620
especially as we know that some variants
1159
01:08:04.620 --> 01:08:08.070
are causing worldwide concern because of their ability
1160
01:08:08.070 --> 01:08:10.083
to dodge antibodies.
1161
01:08:11.280 --> 01:08:14.760
Surely the safe thing to do would be to flood the world
1162
01:08:14.760 --> 01:08:18.933
with vaccines to give the virus less room to mutate.
1163
01:08:19.890 --> 01:08:23.760
1164
01:08:23.760 --> 01:08:26.100
to replicate and spread.
1165
01:08:26.100 --> 01:08:29.580
If you prevent the virus from spreading,
1166
01:08:29.580 --> 01:08:33.003
it will not mutate and you will not get another variant.
1167
01:08:36.478 --> 01:08:39.030
1168
01:08:39.030 --> 01:08:41.910
vaccines should be for all, poor or rich.
1169
01:08:41.910 --> 01:08:44.951
We should make sure that we share this vaccine.
1170
01:08:44.951 --> 01:08:47.310
So we are here to hand over this letter
1171
01:08:47.310 --> 01:08:50.190
to your embassy asking that maybe like at some point
1172
01:08:50.190 --> 01:08:51.940
they can respond to our grievances.
1173
01:08:53.730 --> 01:08:56.580
1174
01:08:56.580 --> 01:08:59.040
so certainly the world is not safe.
1175
01:08:59.040 --> 01:09:00.810
We really need to like, you know,
1176
01:09:00.810 --> 01:09:03.450
all hands on deck to make sure that profit
1177
01:09:03.450 --> 01:09:07.530
is not the primary motive in trying to roll out vaccinations
1178
01:09:07.530 --> 01:09:09.430
for everybody everywhere in the world.
1179
01:09:13.080 --> 01:09:16.531
1180
01:09:16.531 --> 01:09:19.530
and it\'s simply not good enough.
1181
01:09:19.530 --> 01:09:24.530
We can eliminate the prospect of at least half
1182
01:09:24.540 --> 01:09:27.900
of the deaths which are going to be coming if we have
1183
01:09:27.900 --> 01:09:29.823
equal access to the vaccine.
1184
01:09:32.460 --> 01:09:34.710
1185
01:09:34.710 --> 01:09:37.290
why the archbishop and why the coalition
1186
01:09:37.290 --> 01:09:41.304
is appealing to the Biden administration?
1187
01:09:41.304 --> 01:09:42.720
1188
01:09:42.720 --> 01:09:46.500
They\'ve got the mechanisms and the leverage and power
1189
01:09:46.500 --> 01:09:48.900
to ensure that these vaccines are produced
1190
01:09:48.900 --> 01:09:51.720
in whatever site they can be produced.
1191
01:09:51.720 --> 01:09:56.460
The viruses know no borders. They know this.
1192
01:09:56.460 --> 01:09:59.580
We know this. We know what needs to be done.
1193
01:09:59.580 --> 01:10:00.843
We\'ve now got to do it.
1194
01:10:02.640 --> 01:10:04.620
1195
01:10:04.620 --> 01:10:07.710
to suspend the World Trade Organization\'s agreement
1196
01:10:07.710 --> 01:10:11.163
on intellectual property rights for COVID-19 vaccines.
1197
01:10:12.330 --> 01:10:14.400
1198
01:10:14.400 --> 01:10:17.010
is that you free up the technology
1199
01:10:17.010 --> 01:10:19.263
so that everyone everywhere can access it.
1200
01:10:20.790 --> 01:10:23.550
Our government actually took quite a radical step.
1201
01:10:23.550 --> 01:10:26.970
They wrote a long submission to the World Trade Organization
1202
01:10:26.970 --> 01:10:29.880
indicating that we would not in the global south
1203
01:10:29.880 --> 01:10:33.960
be able to manage the access issues around COVID-19
1204
01:10:33.960 --> 01:10:37.380
unless there was consideration given on an urgent basis
1205
01:10:37.380 --> 01:10:39.614
for what\'s called the TRIPs waiver.
1206
01:10:39.614 --> 01:10:41.310
[protestors chanting]
1207
01:10:41.310 --> 01:10:43.500
And that is a temporary waiver
1208
01:10:43.500 --> 01:10:46.890
of intellectual property rules globally for the duration
1209
01:10:46.890 --> 01:10:47.823
of the pandemic.
1210
01:10:49.410 --> 01:10:50.940
1211
01:10:50.940 --> 01:10:54.540
including the United States and those in the European Union,
1212
01:10:54.540 --> 01:10:56.130
have rejected the idea.
1213
01:10:56.130 --> 01:10:59.190
They say waiving the patents would put off private investors
1214
01:10:59.190 --> 01:11:01.563
and slow down scientific innovation.
1215
01:11:03.570 --> 01:11:06.210
1216
01:11:06.210 --> 01:11:08.970
Their argument is that intellectual property barriers
1217
01:11:08.970 --> 01:11:11.430
would not be a block to timely access for people
1218
01:11:11.430 --> 01:11:12.900
in the global south.
1219
01:11:12.900 --> 01:11:15.240
And actually what we\'ve seen is exactly the block.
1220
01:11:15.240 --> 01:11:16.860
It\'s exactly the barrier.
1221
01:11:16.860 --> 01:11:20.940
1222
01:11:20.940 --> 01:11:25.290
to drop patents and other intellectual property protection
1223
01:11:25.290 --> 01:11:27.740
to end vaccine [indistinct], we are here today...
1224
01:11:30.373 --> 01:11:33.150
[contemplative music]
[airplane whirring]
1225
01:11:33.150 --> 01:11:35.100
1226
01:11:35.100 --> 01:11:37.830
and local scientists, the South African government
1227
01:11:37.830 --> 01:11:40.470
finally stopped waiting for COVAX
1228
01:11:40.470 --> 01:11:43.198
and purchased 1 million doses
1229
01:11:43.198 --> 01:11:44.793
of the AstraZeneca vaccine.
1230
01:11:47.246 --> 01:11:49.500
1231
01:11:49.500 --> 01:11:52.470
of the Oxford University AstraZeneca vaccine
1232
01:11:52.470 --> 01:11:54.090
from India\'s Serum Institute
1233
01:11:54.090 --> 01:11:56.280
land in South Africa today.
1234
01:11:56.280 --> 01:12:00.630
1235
01:12:00.630 --> 01:12:03.990
Expectations were high that we can at least start.
1236
01:12:03.990 --> 01:12:06.660
Our healthcare cohort can be protected
1237
01:12:06.660 --> 01:12:09.810
and we\'ll get more vaccine now that we\'ve lit a fire
1238
01:12:09.810 --> 01:12:11.163
under them to procure them.
1239
01:12:14.580 --> 01:12:17.400
So imagine our disappointment,
1240
01:12:17.400 --> 01:12:20.010
the shock of the preliminary results
1241
01:12:20.010 --> 01:12:23.490
of the AstraZeneca trial emerging on the day
1242
01:12:23.490 --> 01:12:24.873
the first shipment arrives.
1243
01:12:26.580 --> 01:12:28.800
1244
01:12:28.800 --> 01:12:31.980
of the Oxford AstraZeneca coronavirus vaccine
1245
01:12:31.980 --> 01:12:34.530
after a small clinical trial suggested that it offered
1246
01:12:34.530 --> 01:12:38.100
only minimal protection against mild to moderate illness
1247
01:12:38.100 --> 01:12:41.133
from the COVID variant that originated in the country.
1248
01:12:44.220 --> 01:12:46.950
1249
01:12:46.950 --> 01:12:48.273
to find a way forward.
1250
01:12:51.960 --> 01:12:53.580
1251
01:12:53.580 --> 01:12:56.100
a gigantic clinical trial,
1252
01:12:56.100 --> 01:13:00.420
Glenda and Larry organized a shipment of half a million
1253
01:13:00.420 --> 01:13:04.110
vaccines into the country that would work against
1254
01:13:04.110 --> 01:13:07.200
the variant dominant at the time and beginning
1255
01:13:07.200 --> 01:13:10.050
to overwhelm our hospitals.
1256
01:13:10.050 --> 01:13:13.680
1257
01:13:13.680 --> 01:13:15.120
a lot of chains.
1258
01:13:15.120 --> 01:13:17.670
I found other people who felt what I felt,
1259
01:13:17.670 --> 01:13:19.870
which was that it was the right thing to do.
1260
01:13:20.850 --> 01:13:22.980
One of the issues is that the vaccine was paid
1261
01:13:22.980 --> 01:13:24.183
by the US government.
1262
01:13:25.020 --> 01:13:30.020
And so my mission was to actually inquire as to whether
1263
01:13:30.510 --> 01:13:31.443
this was possible.
1264
01:13:33.720 --> 01:13:37.080
1265
01:13:37.080 --> 01:13:39.450
A long 14 days.
1266
01:13:39.450 --> 01:13:42.987
I don\'t think I\'ve slept for days on end.
1267
01:13:42.987 --> 01:13:45.654
[gentle music]
1268
01:13:46.680 --> 01:13:48.900
Hopefully we\'ll be able to vaccinate half a million
1269
01:13:48.900 --> 01:13:50.340
healthcare workers.
1270
01:13:50.340 --> 01:13:52.980
If we don\'t get the vaccine to them before the third wave,
1271
01:13:52.980 --> 01:13:54.900
they\'re going to be burnt hard.
1272
01:13:54.900 --> 01:13:56.200
It\'s just gonna be misery.
1273
01:13:57.810 --> 01:13:58.975
1274
01:13:58.975 --> 01:14:00.467
1275
01:14:00.467 --> 01:14:03.217
[both laughing]
1276
01:14:05.524 --> 01:14:06.965
I can\'t believe it. We\'ve pulled it off.
1277
01:14:06.965 --> 01:14:07.923
1278
01:14:07.923 --> 01:14:09.256
1279
01:14:21.157 --> 01:14:23.740
[gentle music]
1280
01:14:33.810 --> 01:14:38.160
1281
01:14:38.160 --> 01:14:42.456
that will prevent so many deaths that have been prevailing,
1282
01:14:42.456 --> 01:14:45.600
but in our sector is also important.
1283
01:14:45.600 --> 01:14:49.600
[people chatting indistinctly]
1284
01:14:52.636 --> 01:14:53.969
1285
01:14:56.949 --> 01:14:57.782
Ready?
1286
01:15:00.918 --> 01:15:01.751
1287
01:15:04.377 --> 01:15:06.106
1288
01:15:06.106 --> 01:15:08.176
Well done, [indistinct].
1289
01:15:08.176 --> 01:15:09.176
1290
01:15:10.739 --> 01:15:13.822
At least our family now will be safe.
1291
01:15:15.686 --> 01:15:18.603
[cameras clicking]
1292
01:15:19.914 --> 01:15:23.081
[contemplative music]
1293
01:15:36.639 --> 01:15:40.639
[contemplative music continues]
1294
01:15:42.330 --> 01:15:47.330
1295
01:15:47.760 --> 01:15:51.120
and these millions are potential reservoirs
1296
01:15:51.120 --> 01:15:52.860
for variants of concern.
1297
01:15:52.860 --> 01:15:56.280
It\'s a difficult thing because obviously it further
1298
01:15:56.280 --> 01:15:59.793
stigmatizes people who are HIV infected.
1299
01:16:01.350 --> 01:16:05.490
Africa becomes the cesspool of variants of concern
1300
01:16:05.490 --> 01:16:07.560
and we don\'t have vaccines and so things
1301
01:16:07.560 --> 01:16:09.310
are just gonna get worse and worse.
1302
01:16:14.940 --> 01:16:17.640
1303
01:16:17.640 --> 01:16:21.813
HIV became endemic, so did tuberculosis.
1304
01:16:22.860 --> 01:16:26.970
The waves of infectious diseases are influencing each other.
1305
01:16:26.970 --> 01:16:31.050
At the same time, the higher the burden of disease,
1306
01:16:31.050 --> 01:16:34.597
the more public health systems get undermined.
1307
01:16:34.597 --> 01:16:36.600
[building crumbling]
1308
01:16:36.600 --> 01:16:39.300
Then because we can\'t care for our sick,
1309
01:16:39.300 --> 01:16:42.600
we\'re threatened by deadly mutations that one day
1310
01:16:42.600 --> 01:16:45.273
may not be able to respond to our vaccines at all.
1311
01:16:46.950 --> 01:16:51.750
This is a vicious circle playing out in our lifetime
1312
01:16:51.750 --> 01:16:55.563
with deadly consequences for the entire planet.
1313
01:16:56.725 --> 01:17:00.725
[people chatting indistinctly]
1314
01:17:02.247 --> 01:17:07.247
[sirens blaring]
[machines beeping]
1315
01:17:15.630 --> 01:17:17.670
1316
01:17:17.670 --> 01:17:21.480
tough pandemic restrictions amid a third wave of coronavirus
1317
01:17:21.480 --> 01:17:24.943
driven by the fast spreading delta variant.
1318
01:17:24.943 --> 01:17:29.943
[sirens blaring]
[machines beeping]
1319
01:17:31.710 --> 01:17:33.120
1320
01:17:33.120 --> 01:17:35.790
because less than 2% of the population
1321
01:17:35.790 --> 01:17:38.076
has so far been inoculated.
1322
01:17:38.076 --> 01:17:41.326
[contemplative music]
1323
01:17:46.260 --> 01:17:47.970
1324
01:17:47.970 --> 01:17:51.783
getting HIV medicine was devastating for the global south.
1325
01:17:52.680 --> 01:17:54.630
The failure to learn this with COVID
1326
01:17:54.630 --> 01:17:57.843
has been nothing less than a crime against humanity.
1327
01:17:59.460 --> 01:18:01.350
It\'s zombie capitalism
1328
01:18:01.350 --> 01:18:04.233
marching us towards our mutual destruction.
1329
01:18:05.216 --> 01:18:08.466
[contemplative music]
1330
01:18:09.900 --> 01:18:14.460
1331
01:18:14.460 --> 01:18:17.583
we are in a race to save lives.
1332
01:18:18.450 --> 01:18:21.480
Now, Africa wants to do things for itself.
1333
01:18:21.480 --> 01:18:26.480
We want to help ourselves and save our people.
1334
01:18:26.481 --> 01:18:29.310
[people chatting indistinctly]
1335
01:18:29.310 --> 01:18:30.570
1336
01:18:30.570 --> 01:18:32.813
are you staying strong on the TRIPs waiver
1337
01:18:32.813 --> 01:18:34.980
between South Africa and India?
1338
01:18:34.980 --> 01:18:35.813
1339
01:18:35.813 --> 01:18:37.793
1340
01:18:41.141 --> 01:18:45.690
1341
01:18:45.690 --> 01:18:47.430
for a limited period.
1342
01:18:47.430 --> 01:18:52.290
And if saving lives is important to all of us,
1343
01:18:52.290 --> 01:18:54.450
this is not too much to ask.
1344
01:18:54.450 --> 01:18:55.450
1345
01:18:56.310 --> 01:18:57.900
Let me be clear.
1346
01:18:57.900 --> 01:19:01.980
Wherever intellectual property rights constitute a barrier
1347
01:19:01.980 --> 01:19:04.740
to global access to the fight against COVID-19,
1348
01:19:04.740 --> 01:19:06.333
they should be lifted.
1349
01:19:07.218 --> 01:19:10.425
[people applaud lightly]
1350
01:19:10.425 --> 01:19:11.371
[reporters chattering chaotically]
1351
01:19:11.371 --> 01:19:13.887
1352
01:19:13.887 --> 01:19:15.210
are you going to back that?
1353
01:19:15.210 --> 01:19:16.715
Is the US government going to back that?
1354
01:19:16.715 --> 01:19:18.983
1355
01:19:20.460 --> 01:19:22.410
1356
01:19:22.410 --> 01:19:24.900
across the globe to wave pharmaceutical giants\'
1357
01:19:24.900 --> 01:19:27.363
patents on COVID-19 vaccines.
1358
01:19:29.430 --> 01:19:31.110
1359
01:19:31.110 --> 01:19:32.643
dipped on the announcement.
1360
01:19:33.542 --> 01:19:36.792
[contemplative music]
1361
01:19:38.340 --> 01:19:40.470
1362
01:19:40.470 --> 01:19:42.303
making all of the right noises,
1363
01:19:44.490 --> 01:19:48.360
the G7 club of rich nations refused to support
1364
01:19:48.360 --> 01:19:51.963
the suspension of patents on COVID vaccines and medicines.
1365
01:19:54.670 --> 01:19:56.873
1366
01:20:00.390 --> 01:20:03.513
1367
01:20:04.440 --> 01:20:06.900
Those of us living in less wealthy nations
1368
01:20:06.900 --> 01:20:09.605
have been let down once again.
1369
01:20:09.605 --> 01:20:12.772
[contemplative music]
1370
01:20:17.922 --> 01:20:21.005
[people chattering]
1371
01:20:24.142 --> 01:20:26.370
1372
01:20:26.370 --> 01:20:27.663
a glimmer of hope.
1373
01:20:28.680 --> 01:20:32.610
Let us ensure that this hope is not snatched away
1374
01:20:32.610 --> 01:20:35.880
from millions of people around the world
1375
01:20:35.880 --> 01:20:38.910
because they were not born
1376
01:20:38.910 --> 01:20:41.340
in a well-resourced country.
1377
01:20:41.340 --> 01:20:42.963
And this is what it is about.
1378
01:20:47.070 --> 01:20:49.860
1379
01:20:49.860 --> 01:20:54.360
on pharmaceutical companies and finish what was started
1380
01:20:54.360 --> 01:20:57.213
with HIV drugs 20 years ago.
1381
01:21:01.500 --> 01:21:06.240
1382
01:21:06.240 --> 01:21:07.530
It has to.
1383
01:21:07.530 --> 01:21:09.730
There is an inevitability about it
1384
01:21:11.070 --> 01:21:14.853
simply because of the pressure of disease in the world.
1385
01:21:18.510 --> 01:21:21.360
There\'s no way that the financial houses
1386
01:21:21.360 --> 01:21:24.990
can maintain their grip on pharmaceuticals
1387
01:21:24.990 --> 01:21:26.823
in the face of these onslaughts.
1388
01:21:29.370 --> 01:21:33.040
This pandemic has demonstrated their limits
1389
01:21:33.040 --> 01:21:34.473
very, very clearly.
1390
01:21:35.310 --> 01:21:37.983
This is what pandemics do. They reveal.
1391
01:21:41.130 --> 01:21:43.620
1392
01:21:43.620 --> 01:21:45.543
from this time of pandemics?
1393
01:21:46.470 --> 01:21:49.620
That we have encroached upon nature to the extent
1394
01:21:49.620 --> 01:21:51.990
that it\'s now only a matter of time before
1395
01:21:51.990 --> 01:21:53.910
we face another threat?
1396
01:21:53.910 --> 01:21:55.473
That seems clear enough,
1397
01:21:56.490 --> 01:21:58.260
but what about the more difficult issue
1398
01:21:58.260 --> 01:22:00.993
of how prepared we are for what\'s to come.
1399
01:22:03.797 --> 01:22:08.797
[vehicle rumbling]
[people chattering]
1400
01:22:12.840 --> 01:22:15.480
COVID has revealed that our current approach
1401
01:22:15.480 --> 01:22:18.303
to public health is simply not working.
1402
01:22:19.740 --> 01:22:22.170
Maybe this is our last chance to go back
1403
01:22:22.170 --> 01:22:25.170
to an older path we once traveled,
1404
01:22:25.170 --> 01:22:27.720
health as a basic right.
1405
01:22:27.720 --> 01:22:29.850
Not letting the market determine
1406
01:22:29.850 --> 01:22:32.850
who gets access to innovation.
1407
01:22:32.850 --> 01:22:37.050
Not treating the global south as a charity case
1408
01:22:37.050 --> 01:22:40.203
and turning us into a Petri dish of variants.
1409
01:22:41.130 --> 01:22:43.140
Not letting the quest for profit
1410
01:22:43.140 --> 01:22:46.429
lead us all further into catastrophe.
1411
01:22:46.429 --> 01:22:51.429
[people singing]
[horns honking]
1412
01:22:58.380 --> 01:23:02.123
Is it really such a radical idea to put people first?
1413
01:23:05.255 --> 01:23:08.422
[contemplative music]
1414
01:23:29.646 --> 01:23:33.646
[contemplative music continues]
1415
01:24:04.765 --> 01:24:08.765
[contemplative music continues]
1416
01:24:25.897 --> 01:24:28.480
[gentle music]
1417
01:24:54.070 --> 01:24:57.487
[gentle music continues]
1418
01:25:23.945 --> 01:25:27.362
[gentle music continues]
1419
01:25:51.653 --> 01:25:55.070
[gentle music continues]
1420
01:26:07.389 --> 01:26:11.763
[people shouting]
[gate clattering]
1421
01:26:11.763 --> 01:26:16.763
[birds chirping]
[footsteps tapping]
