Artificial Noise Management for Securing Backscatter Communication Networks: Current Advances, Open Challenges, and Future Directions.

Zhao Li 0005 Xidian University, School of Cyber Engineering, China Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Communication Network and Security, China https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3824-0136 Zhao Li Zhao Li 0001 http://www.nt.uni-saarland.de/en/people/staff/zhao-li.html Saarland University, Telecommunications Lab, Saarbrücken, Germany Zhao Li 0002 Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong Harbin Engineering University, College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, China https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7279-3850 Zhao Li 0003 Northeastern University, School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang, China https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8061-4744 Zhao Li 0004 Yangtze University, School of Urban Construction, Jingzhou, China https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5475-0809 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q60172509 Zhao Li 0006 Xidian University, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, China Zhao Li 0007 Hangzhou Yugu Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China Zhejiang University, Alibaba-ZJU Joint Research Institute of Frontier Technologies, Link2Do Technology Ltd, China University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA https://sites.google.com/view/zhaoli https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=60cO1nkAAAAJ https://www.linkedin.com/in/zhao-li-95269a31 https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57191700056 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5056-0351 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q130976792 Zhao Li 0008 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Institute of Genomics, BIG Data Center, China https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7374-3348 Zhao Li 0009 李钊 Tianjin University, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin, China https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=QEOhVT8AAAAJ https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3996-255X https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q130852952 Zhao Li 0010 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Information Engineering, Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Cyber Security, Beijing, China https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3069-1215

Yifan Zhang 0042 Zheng Yan 0002 Jie Wang 0113 Yishan Yang Zhao Li 0005 Riku Jäntti Artificial Noise Management for Securing Backscatter Communication Networks: Current Advances, Open Challenges, and Future Directions. 2026 March 199-209 40 IEEE Netw. 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/MNET.2025.3570547 db/journals/network/network40.html#ZhangYWYLJ26 streams/journals/network

Yicheng Liu Zhao Li 0005 Kang G. Shin Zheng Yan 0002 Jia Liu 0009 Siwei Le SecCSI: Securing Wireless Environment With RIS Against CSI-Forgery Attacks. 2026 2031-2046 21 IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2026.3659002 db/journals/tifs/tifs21.html#LiuLSYLL26 streams/journals/tifs

Masoud Kaveh Farshad Rostami Ghadi Zhao Li 0005 Zheng Yan 0002 Riku Jäntti Secure Backscatter Communications Through RIS: Modeling and Performance. 2026 March 4464-4477 75 IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2025.3612485 db/journals/tvt/tvt75.html#KavehGLYJ26 streams/journals/tvt

Zhao Li 0005 Lijuan Zhang Chengyu Liu 0001 Siwei Le Jie Chen 0056 Kang G. Shin Zheng Yan 0002 Jia Liu 0009 Interference Recycling: Effective Utilization of Interference for Enhancing Data Transmission. 859-874 2025 February 24 IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2024.3467339 db/journals/tmc/tmc24.html#LiZLLCSYL25 streams/journals/tmc

Zhao Li 0005 Lijuan Zhang Siwei Le Kang G. Shin Jia Liu 0009 Zheng Yan 0002 Distributed Modulation Exploiting IRS for Secure Communications. 11193-11208 2025 October 24 IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. 10 https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2025.3579960 db/journals/tmc/tmc24.html#LiZLSLY25 streams/journals/tmc

Zhao Li 0005 Lijuan Zhang Kang G. Shin Jia Liu 0009 Yicheng Liu Pintian Lyu Zheng Yan 0002 Parasitic Communication: Opportunistic Utilization of Interference Using Asymmetric Demodulation. 11527-11540 2025 November 24 IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. 11 https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2025.3581798 db/journals/tmc/tmc24.html#LiZSLLLY25 streams/journals/tmc

Zhao Li 0005 Xiujuan Liang Yinghou Liu Jia Liu 0009 Zheng Yan 0002 Joint alignment and steering to manage interference. 429-438 2024 10 Digit. Commun. Networks 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcan.2022.09.001 db/journals/dcan/dcan10.html#LiLLLY24 streams/journals/dcan

Yicheng Liu Zhao Li 0005 Kang G. Shin Zheng Yan 0002 Jia Liu 0009 iCoding: Countermeasure Against Interference and Eavesdropping in Wireless Communications. 9188-9203 2024 19 IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2024.3468902 db/journals/tifs/tifs19.html#LiuLSYL24 streams/journals/tifs

Zhao Li 0005 Siwei Le Jie Chen 0056 Kang G. Shin Jia Liu 0009 Zheng Yan 0002 Riku Jäntti Decomposed and Distributed Modulation to Achieve Secure Transmission. 11172-11190 2024 December 23 IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. 12 https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2024.3391344 db/journals/tmc/tmc23.html#LiLCSLYJ24 streams/journals/tmc

Zhao Li 0005 Chengyu Liu 0001 Lijuan Zhang Kang G. Shin Jia Liu 0009 Zheng Yan 0002 Riku Jäntti Exploiting Interference With an Intelligent Reflecting Surface to Enhance Data Transmission. 9776-9792 2024 August 23 IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 8 https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2024.3366229 db/journals/twc/twc23.html#LiLZSLYJ24 streams/journals/twc

Zhao Li 0005 Chengyu Liu 0001 Lijuan Zhang Zheng Yan 0002 Jia Liu 0009 Riku Jäntti Zhixian Chang IRS Empowered Interference Utilization for Efficient Data Transmission. 379-384 2024 ICC https://doi.org/10.1109/ICC51166.2024.10623092 conf/icc/2024 db/conf/icc/icc2024.html#Li0ZY0JC24

Masoud Kaveh Farshad Rostami Ghadi Zhao Li 0005 Zheng Yan 0002 Riku Jäntti Secure Backscatter Communications Through RIS: Modeling and Performance. 2024 abs/2410.01829 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.01829 db/journals/corr/corr2410.html#abs-2410-01829 streams/journals/corr

Zhao Li 0005 Pintian Lyu Jun Li 0095 Zhixian Chang Jia Liu 0009 Zheng Yan 0002 SCIM: Incorporating secure communication and interference management in one operation. 512-522 2023 April 9 Digit. Commun. Networks 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcan.2022.12.023 db/journals/dcan/dcan9.html#LiLLCLY23

Zhao Li 0005 Siwei Le Jie Chen 0056 Kang G. Shin Riku Jäntti Zheng Yan 0002 Jia Liu 0009 Decomposed and Distributed Modulation to Achieve Secure Transmission. 5378-5383 2023 GLOBECOM https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOBECOM54140.2023.10437573 conf/globecom/2023 db/conf/globecom/globecom2023.html#LiLCSJYL23 Yicheng Liu Zhao Li 0005 Yanyan Zhu Zhixian Chang Jia Liu 0009 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Aided Loopback Interference Suppression. 346-351 2023 MeditCom https://doi.org/10.1109/MeditCom58224.2023.10266643 conf/meditcom/2023 db/conf/meditcom/meditcom2023.html#LiuLZCL23 Ziru Zhao Zhao Li 0005 Jiaojiao Hu Zhixian Chang Jia Liu 0009 Virtual Signal Decomposition based Multi-User Communication. 375-380 2023 MeditCom https://doi.org/10.1109/MeditCom58224.2023.10266606 conf/meditcom/2023 db/conf/meditcom/meditcom2023.html#ZhaoLHCL23 Honggang He Yang Xu 0012 Jia Liu 0009 Hiroki Takakura Zhao Li 0005 Norio Shiratori Double-Sided Auction based Data-Energy Trading Architecture in Internet of Vehicles. 1-6 2023 WCNC https://doi.org/10.1109/WCNC55385.2023.10119063 conf/wcnc/2023 db/conf/wcnc/wcnc2023.html#HeXLTLS23 Jingdong Chang Zhao Li 0005 Masoud Kaveh Yifan Zhang 0042 Jiajun Li Zheng Yan 0002 A Survey on AI-Enabled Attacks and AI-Empowered Countermeasures in Physical Layer. 1-7 2023 WF-IoT https://doi.org/10.1109/WF-IoT58464.2023.10539554 conf/wf-iot/2023 db/conf/wf-iot/wf-iot2023.html#ChangLKZLY23 Masoud Kaveh Zhao Li 0005 Zheng Yan 0002 Riku Jäntti A Summery of the First Workshop on Backscatter Communication Security in Internet of Things Environment. 1-2 2023 WF-IoT https://doi.org/10.1109/WF-IoT58464.2023.10539400 conf/wf-iot/2023 db/conf/wf-iot/wf-iot2023.html#KavehLYJ23 Lijuan Zhang Zhao Li 0005 Jia Liu 0009 Chengyu Liu 0001 Xiujuan Liang AmBC-Aided Interference Sensing and Estimation. 1-6 2023 WF-IoT https://doi.org/10.1109/WF-IoT58464.2023.10539411 conf/wf-iot/2023 db/conf/wf-iot/wf-iot2023.html#ZhangLLLL23 Ziru Zhao Yanhong Xu Zhao Li 0005 Zhixian Chang Jia Liu 0009 Feature Compression Based BP Neural Network for IoT Performance Prediction. 1-6 2023 WF-IoT https://doi.org/10.1109/WF-IoT58464.2023.10539429 conf/wf-iot/2023 db/conf/wf-iot/wf-iot2023.html#ZhaoXLCL23

Zhao Li 0005 Bigui Zhang Chengyu Liu 0001 Zhixian Chang Kang G. Shin Zheng Yan 0002 Framed Fidelity MAC: Losslessly packing multi-user transmissions in a virtual point-to-point framework. 109425 2022 219 Comput. Networks https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2022.109425 db/journals/cn/cn219.html#LiZLCSY22

Zhao Li 0005 Yuyu Hu Zhendong Hu Jingling Li Shitong Zhu Yang Xu 0012 Incremental-Compensation based Low-Cost Offline Robust Topology Control for Micro/Nano Satellite Network. 139-164 2022 38 J. Inf. Sci. Eng. 1 https://jise.iis.sinica.edu.tw/JISESearch/pages/View/PaperView.jsf?keyId=184_2471 db/journals/jise/jise38.html#LiHHLZX22

Meng Xie Jia Liu 0009 Hiroki Takakura Yang Xu 0012 Zhao Li 0005 Norio Shiratori Incentive Routing Design for Covert Communication in Multi-hop Decentralized Wireless Networks. 49-54 2022 GLOBECOM https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10001140 conf/globecom/2022 db/conf/globecom/globecom2022.html#Xie0T00S22 Yang Xu 0012 Jia Liu 0009 Hiroki Takakura Zhao Li 0005 Yusheng Ji Norio Shiratori Stackelberg Game-based Secure Communication in SWIPT-enabled Relaying Systems. 1462-1467 2022 ICC https://doi.org/10.1109/ICC45855.2022.9838453 conf/icc/2022 db/conf/icc/icc2022.html#Xu0T0JS22

Zhao Li 0005 Jun Li 0095 Yinghou Liu Xiujuan Liang Kang G. Shin Zheng Yan 0002 Hui Li 0006 Exploiting Interactions of Multiple Interference for Cooperative Interference Alignment. 7072-7085 2021 20 IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 11 https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2021.3080584 db/journals/twc/twc20.html#LiLLLSYL21

Zhao Li 0005 Yanyan Zhu Kang G. Shin iCoding: Countermeasure Against Interference and Eavesdropping in Wireless Communications. 1-6 2021 GLOBECOM https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOBECOM46510.2021.9685624 conf/globecom/2021 db/conf/globecom/globecom2021.html#LiZS21 Jianbo Shao Yang Xu 0012 Jia Liu 0009 Hiroki Takakura Zhao Li 0005 Xuewen Dong On Strategic Interactions in Blockchain Markets: A Three-stage Stackelberg Game Approach. 1-6 2021 GLOBECOM https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOBECOM46510.2021.9685981 conf/globecom/2021 db/conf/globecom/globecom2021.html#ShaoXLTLD21

Zhao Li 0005 Ke Long Jiamin Ding Jia Liu 0009 Yang Xu 0012 Space-Power Adaptive Interference Steering to Manage Interference in XIC. 13561-13572 2020 8 IEEE Access https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2966076 db/journals/access/access8.html#LiLDLX20

Liyuan Xiao Zhao Li 0005 Lu Zhen Jia Liu 0009 Yang Xu 0012 Taichi: Signal Dodging and Interference Guiding to Enhance Data Transmission. 689-707 2020 36 J. Inf. Sci. Eng. 4 https://jise.iis.sinica.edu.tw/JISESearch/pages/View/PaperView.jsf?keyId=175_2332 db/journals/jise/jise36.html#XiaoLZLX20

Zhao Li 0005 Yujiao Bai Kang G. Shin Zheng Yan 0002 Hui Li 0006 Inside-Out Precoding to Manage Multiple Interferences From the Same Source. 7583-7595 2020 69 IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 7 https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2020.2994332 db/journals/tvt/tvt69.html#0005BS0020

Zhao Li 0005 Jun Li 0095 Jiamin Ding Ke Long Jia Liu 0009 When and how much to neutralize interference? Balancing the benefits and cost of interference management. 5393-5410 2020 26 Wirel. Networks 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-020-02406-z db/journals/winet/winet26.html#LiLDLL20

Yuyu Hu Zhao Li 0005 Jingling Li Zhixian Chang Yang Xu 0012 Jia Liu 0009 Incremental-Compensation based Robust Topology Control for Micro/Nano Satellite Network. 22-28 2020 NaNA https://doi.org/10.1109/NaNA51271.2020.00012 conf/nana/2020 db/conf/nana/nana2020.html#HuLLCXL20 Yang Xu 0012 Kehan Yang Yu Wang Zhao Li 0005 Tao Zhang 0029 Jia Liu 0009 On Jamming Power Optimization for Secure and QoS-Aware Routing in Ad Hoc Networks. 162-166 2020 NaNA https://doi.org/10.1109/NaNA51271.2020.00036 conf/nana/2020 db/conf/nana/nana2020.html#XuYWLZL20

Jia Liu 0009 Yang Xu 0012 Zhao Li 0005 Resource Allocation for Performance Enhancement in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. 73790-73803 2019 7 IEEE Access https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2921075 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q127779741 db/journals/access/access7.html#LiuXL19

Zhao Li 0005 Jiamin Ding Xiaoqin Dai Kang G. Shin Jia Liu 0009 Exploiting interactions among signals to decode interfering transmissions with fewer receiving antennas. 63-75 2019 136 Comput. Commun. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2018.12.008 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q115063281 db/journals/comcom/comcom136.html#LiDDSL19

Zhao Li 0005 Yinghou Liu Kang G. Shin Jia Liu 0009 Zheng Yan 0002 Interference Steering to Manage Interference in IoT. 10458-10471 2019 6 IEEE Internet Things J. 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2019.2939255 db/journals/iotj/iotj6.html#LiLSLY19

Liyuan Xiao Ling Gao Xiaoqin Dai Zhao Li 0005 Yanyan Han User selection for MIMO downlink employing NOMA. 817-826 2019 19 J. Comput. Methods Sci. Eng. 3 https://doi.org/10.3233/JCM-190007 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q128276700 db/journals/jcmse/jcmse19.html#XiaoGDLH19

Zhao Li 0005 Yinghou Liu Kang G. Shin Jun Li 0095 Fengjuan Guo Jia Liu 0009 Design and Adaptation of Multi-Interference Steering. 3329-3346 2019 18 IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 7 https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2019.2908158 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q127963010 db/journals/twc/twc18.html#LiLSLGL19

Zhao Li 0005 Jie Chen 0056 Lu Zhen Sha Cui Kang G. Shin Jia Liu 0009 Coordinated Multi-Point Transmissions Based on Interference Alignment and Neutralization. 3347-3365 2019 18 IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 7 https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2019.2908159 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q127979259 db/journals/twc/twc18.html#LiCZCSL19

Zhao Li 0005 Yujiao Bai Jia Liu 0009 Jie Chen 0056 Zhixian Chang Adaptive proportional fair scheduling with global-fairness. 5011-5025 2019 25 Wirel. Networks 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-019-02108-1 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q127369142 db/journals/winet/winet25.html#LiBLCC19

Zhao Li 0005 Jie Chen 0056 Kang G. Shin Jia Liu 0009 Interference Recycling: Exploiting Interfering Signals to Enhance Data Transmission. 100-108 2019 INFOCOM https://doi.org/10.1109/INFOCOM.2019.8737603 conf/infocom/2019 db/conf/infocom/infocom2019.html#LiCSL19 Zhao Li 0005 Ke Long Yanan Tian Xiaohong Li 0017 Liyuan Xiao Jiamin Ding Jia Liu 0009 Space-Power Adaptive Interference Steering. 9-14 2019 NaNA https://doi.org/10.1109/NaNA.2019.00011 conf/nana/2019 db/conf/nana/nana2019.html#0005LTLXD019 Liyuan Xiao Zhao Li 0005 Lu Zhen Bigui Zhang Yang Xu 0012 Jia Liu 0009 Taichi: Signal Dodging and Interference Guiding. 39-44 2019 NaNA https://doi.org/10.1109/NaNA.2019.00016 conf/nana/2019 db/conf/nana/nana2019.html#Xiao0ZZXL19

Zhao Li 0005 Fengjuan Guo Canyu Shu Kang G. Shin Jia Liu 0009 Dynamic Interference Steering in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks. 28552-28562 2018 6 IEEE Access https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2836221 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q129843495 db/journals/access/access6.html#ZhangGSSL18

Zhao Li 0005 Canyu Shu Fengjuan Guo Kang G. Shin Jia Liu 0009 Dynamic Interference Steering in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks. 2018 abs/1801.00145 CoRR http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.00145 db/journals/corr/corr1801.html#abs-1801-00145

Zhao Li 0005 Fengjuan Guo Kang G. Shin Yinghou Liu Jia Liu 0009 Interference Steering to Manage Interference. 2017 abs/1712.07810 CoRR http://arxiv.org/abs/1712.07810 db/journals/corr/corr1712.html#abs-1712-07810

Zhao Li 0005 Liyuan Xiao Jiawei Yang Adaptive Beamforming in CR-MIMO System Exploiting Multi-Channel and Eigenmode Diversity. 1403-1413 2013 68 Wirel. Pers. Commun. 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-012-0530-9 db/journals/wpc/wpc68.html#LiXY13

Ruixue Liu Zhao Li 0005 Liyuan Xiao Proactive CCI evaluation and transmission gain based scheduling for MU-MIMO broadcast channel. 1-6 2013 conf/wcsp/2013 WCSP https://doi.org/10.1109/WCSP.2013.6677188 db/conf/wcsp/wcsp2013.html#LiuLX13 Zhao Li 0005 Qin Liu 0006 Linjing Zhao Space Division Multiplexing Aided Opportunistic Spectrum Access for Cognitive Radio Networks. 232-237 2011 AINA Workshops https://doi.org/10.1109/WAINA.2011.38 https://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/WAINA.2011.38 conf/aina/2011w db/conf/aina/ainaw2011.html#LiLZ11 Zhao Li 0005 Qin Liu 0006 Linjing Zhao Multi-antenna cognitive uplink design for spectrum reuse. 44-48 2011 ICT https://doi.org/10.1109/CTS.2011.5898967 conf/ict/2011 db/conf/ict/ict2011.html#LiLZ11 Zhao Li 0005 Linjing Zhao Qin Liu 0006 Joint Transmit-Receive Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive MIMO Wireless Networks. 1-5 2011 VTC Fall https://doi.org/10.1109/VETECF.2011.6092933 conf/vtc/2011f db/conf/vtc/vtc2011f.html#LiZL11 Zhao Li 0005 Jiawei Yang Junliang Yao Multi-level threshold opportunistic transmission in MU-MIMO downlink with reduced feedback. 353-357 2009 ISWCS https://doi.org/10.1109/ISWCS.2009.5285218 conf/iswcs/2009 db/conf/iswcs/iswcs2009.html#LiYY09 Yujiao Bai Jingdong Chang Zhixian Chang Jie Chen 0056 Sha Cui Xiaoqin Dai Jiamin Ding Xuewen Dong Ling Gao Farshad Rostami Ghadi Fengjuan Guo Yanyan Han Honggang He Jiaojiao Hu Yuyu Hu Zhendong Hu Riku Jäntti Yusheng Ji Masoud Kaveh Siwei Le Hui Li 0006 Jiajun Li Jingling Li Jun Li 0095 Xiaohong Li 0017 Xiujuan Liang Chengyu Liu 0001 Jia Liu 0009 Qin Liu 0006 Ruixue Liu Yicheng Liu Yinghou Liu Ke Long Pintian Lyu Jianbo Shao Kang G. Shin Norio Shiratori Canyu Shu Hiroki Takakura Yanan Tian Jie Wang 0113 Yu Wang Liyuan Xiao Meng Xie Yang Xu 0012 Yanhong Xu Zheng Yan 0002 Jiawei Yang Kehan Yang Yishan Yang Junliang Yao Bigui Zhang Lijuan Zhang Tao Zhang 0029 Yifan Zhang 0042 Linjing Zhao Ziru Zhao Lu Zhen Shitong Zhu Yanyan Zhu