Information Access Costs With an Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Display.

Benjamin A. Clegg Montana State University, Department of Psychology, Bozeman, MT, USA Colorado State University, Psychology Department, Fort Collins, CO, USA https://www.montana.edu/psychology/benclegg/ https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6026-5076 https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=58z66zsAAAAJ https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q90158590

Cody A. Poole Amelia C. Warden Christopher D. Wickens Aditya Raikwar Benjamin A. Clegg Matthew James Buckman Francisco R. Ortega 0001 Information Access Costs With an Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Display. 2026 149-161 68 Hum. Factors 2 https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251377311 db/journals/hf/hf68.html#PooleWWRCBO26 streams/journals/hf

Colleen E. Patton Benjamin A. Clegg Blake C. Davis Nathaniel Blanchard (Some) Benefits in Operator Decisions to Use AI After Experiencing Optimal Outcomes. 2026 368-380 68 Hum. Factors 3 https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251387933 db/journals/hf/hf68.html#PattonCDB26 streams/journals/hf

K. Raghav Bhat Robert S. Gutzwiller Sean L. Guarino Spencer Lynn Benjamin A. Clegg Joel Hypolite Michael Sieffert Michael Locasto David Kelle Max Slocum Curt Wu Scott Harrison Matthew Revelle Susan Latiff Exploiting Base Rate Neglect to Disrupt and Distract Cyber Attackers. 2026 HICSS https://hdl.handle.net/10125/111543 conf/hicss/2026 db/conf/hicss/hicss2026.html#BhatGGLCHSLKSWH26

Colleen E. Patton Benjamin A. Clegg Blake C. Davis Turgay Caglar Caspian Siebert Nathaniel Blanchard The Choice to Use Automation: Improvements from Evidence Accumulation. 12014-12031 2025 October 41 Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact. 19 https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2025.2452189 db/journals/ijhci/ijhci41.html#PattonCDCSB25 streams/journals/ijhci

Brendan Kelley Ryan P. McMahan Christopher D. Wickens Benjamin A. Clegg Francisco R. Ortega 0001 Cuing Multiple-Targets for Visual Search in Virtual Reality. 1222-1223 2025 VR Workshops https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW66409.2025.00257 conf/vr/2025w db/conf/vr/vr2025w.html#KelleyMWC025 Brendan Kelley Ryan P. McMahan Christopher D. Wickens Benjamin A. Clegg Francisco R. Ortega 0001 The Importance of Cueing While Visually Searching a 360 Degree Environment for Multiple Targets in the Presence of Distractors. 28:1-28:11 2025 VRST https://doi.org/10.1145/3756884.3765992 conf/vrst/2025 db/conf/vrst/vrst2025.html#KelleyMWC025

Rebecca L. Pharmer Christopher D. Wickens Lucas Plabst Benjamin A. Clegg Leanne M. Hirshfield Joanna E. Lewis Jalynn Blu Nicoly Cara A. Spencer Francisco R. Ortega 0001 The Impact of Simple, Brief, and Adaptive Instructions within Virtual Reality Training: Components of Cognitive Load Theory in an Assembly Task. 2025 July abs/2507.20943 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.20943 db/journals/corr/corr2507.html#abs-2507-20943 streams/journals/corr

Amelia C. Warden Christopher D. Wickens Benjamin A. Clegg Daniel Rehberg Francisco R. Ortega 0001 Information Access Effort: The Role of Head Movements for Information Presented at Increasing Eccentricity on Flat Panel and Head-Mounted Displays. 2057-2081 2024 66 Hum. Factors 8 https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208231204567 db/journals/hf/hf66.html#WardenWCRO24

Aditya Raikwar Domenick M. Mifsud Christopher D. Wickens Anil Ufuk Batmaz Amelia C. Warden Brendan Kelley Benjamin A. Clegg Francisco R. Ortega 0001 Beyond the Wizard of Oz: Negative Effects of Imperfect Machine Learning to Examine the Impact of Reliability of Augmented Reality Cues on Visual Search Performance. 2662-2670 2024 May 30 IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2024.3372062 db/journals/tvcg/tvcg30.html#RaikwarMWBWKCO24

Brendan Kelley Aditya Raikwar Chris Wickens Ryan P. McMahan Francisco R. Ortega 0001 Benjamin A. Clegg Addressing Human Factors Related to Artificial Intelligence Integrated Visual Cueing. 209-213 2024 ISMAR-Adjunct https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct64951.2024.00051 conf/ismar/2024a db/conf/ismar/ismar2024a.html#KelleyRWM0C24 Brendan Kelley Chris Wickens Benjamin A. Clegg Amelia C. Warden Francisco R. Ortega 0001 Guiding Gaze: Comparing Cues for Visual Search. 1053-1054 2024 VR Workshops https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW62533.2024.00323 conf/vr/2024w db/conf/vr/vr2024w.html#KelleyWCWO24

Benjamin A. Clegg Alex Karduna Ethan Holen Jason Garcia Matthew G. Rhodes Francisco R. Ortega 0001 Multimedia and Immersive Training Materials Influence Impressions of Learning But Not Learning Outcomes. 2024 abs/2407.05504 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2407.05504 db/journals/corr/corr2407.html#abs-2407-05504 streams/journals/corr

Colleen E. Patton Christopher D. Wickens C. A. P. Smith Benjamin A. Clegg Detection of Hostile Intent by Spatial Movements. 227-236 2023 March 65 Hum. Factors 2 https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208211015022 db/journals/hf/hf65.html#PattonWSC23

Colleen E. Patton Christopher D. Wickens Kayla M. Noble Benjamin A. Clegg C. A. P. Smith Rendezvous Under Temporal Uncertainty. 592-617 2023 June 65 Hum. Factors 4 https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208211026112 db/journals/hf/hf65.html#PattonWNCS23

Amelia C. Warden Christopher D. Wickens Daniel Rehberg Francisco R. Ortega 0001 Benjamin A. Clegg Fast, Accurate, But Sometimes Too-Compelling Support: The Impact of Imperfectly Automated Cues in an Augmented-Reality Head-Mounted Display on Visual Search Performance. 1061-1072 2023 December 53 IEEE Trans. Hum. Mach. Syst. 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/THMS.2023.3302152 db/journals/thms/thms53.html#WardenWROC23

Aditya Raikwar Domenick M. Mifsud Christopher D. Wickens Brendan Kelly Amelia C. Warden Benjamin A. Clegg Francisco R. Ortega 0001 Beyond the Wizard of Oz: Using Imperfect Machine Learning to Examine the Impact of Reliability of Augmented Reality Cues on Visual Search Performance. 437-438 2023 ISMAR-Adjunct https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct60411.2023.00093 conf/ismar/2023a db/conf/ismar/ismar2023a.html#RaikwarMWKWCO23

Amelia C. Warden Christopher D. Wickens Daniel Rehberg Francisco R. Ortega 0001 Benjamin A. Clegg Fast, Accurate, but Sometimes Too-Compelling Support: The Impact of Imperfectly Automated Cues in an Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Display on Visual Search Performance. 2023 abs/2303.14300 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.14300 db/journals/corr/corr2303.html#abs-2303-14300

Christopher D. Wickens Adam Williams Benjamin A. Clegg C. A. P. Smith Nautical Collision Avoidance: The Cognitive Challenges of Balancing Safety, Efficiency, and Procedures. 2020 62 Hum. Factors 8 https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819871409 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q90158592 db/journals/hf/hf62.html#WickensWCS20

Nathan Herdener Benjamin A. Clegg Christopher D. Wickens C. A. P. Smith Anchoring and Adjustment in Uncertain Spatial Trajectory Prediction. 2019 61 Hum. Factors 2 https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720818800591 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q57153965 db/journals/hf/hf61.html#HerdenerCWS19

Olga Boichak Jordan Canzonetta Niraj Sitaula Brian McKernan Sarah M. Taylor Patrícia G. C. Rossini Benjamin A. Clegg Kate Kenski Rosa Mikeal Martey Nancy McCracken Carsten S. Østerlund Roc Myers James E. Folkestad Jennifer Stromer-Galley Beyond the Medium: Rethinking Information Literacy through Crowdsourced Analysis. 1-10 2019 HICSS https://hdl.handle.net/10125/59482 conf/hicss/2019 db/conf/hicss/hicss2019.html#BoichakCSMTRCKM19 Huichuan Xia Carsten S. Østerlund Brian McKernan James E. Folkestad Patrícia G. C. Rossini Olga Boichak Jerry Lamont Robinson Kate Kenski Roc Myers Benjamin A. Clegg Jennifer Stromer-Galley TRACE: A Stigmergic Crowdsourcing Platform for Intelligence Analysis. 1-9 2019 HICSS https://hdl.handle.net/10125/59484 conf/hicss/2019 db/conf/hicss/hicss2019.html#XiaOMFRBRKMCS19

Jennifer Stromer-Galley Patrícia G. C. Rossini Kate Kenski James E. Folkestad Brian McKernan Rosa Mikeal Martey Benjamin A. Clegg Carsten S. Østerlund Lael Schooler User-Centered Design and Experimentation to Develop Effective Software for Evidence-Based Reasoning in the Intelligence Community: The TRACE Project. 35-42 2018 20 Comput. Sci. Eng. 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2018.2873859 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q113312358 db/journals/cse/cse20.html#Stromer-GalleyR18

Ashley J. Pugh Christopher D. Wickens Nathan Herdener Benjamin A. Clegg C. A. P. Smith Effect of Visualization Training on Uncertain Spatial Trajectory Predictions. 324-339 2018 60 Hum. Factors 3 https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720818758770 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q87937982 db/journals/hf/hf60.html#PughWHCS18

Adrienne Shaw Brian McKernan Rosa Mikeal Martey Jennifer Stromer-Galley Emilie T. Saulnier Elizabeth McLaren Matthew G. Rhodes James E. Folkestad Sarah M. Taylor Kate Kenski Benjamin A. Clegg Tomek Stralkowski Analyzing Iterative Training Game Design: A Multi-Method Postmortem Analysis of CYCLES Training Center and CYCLES Carnivale. 46 2018 2 Multimodal Technol. Interact. 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/mti2030046 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q58235989 db/journals/mti/mti2.html#ShawMMSSMRFTKCS18

James E. Folkestad Brian McKernan Stephanie Train Rosa Mikeal Martey Matthew G. Rhodes Kate Kenski Adrienne Shaw Jennifer Stromer-Galley Benjamin A. Clegg Tomek Strzalkowski The Temporal Attentive Observation (TAO) Scale: Development of an Instrument to Assess Attentive Behavior Sequences During Serious Gameplay. 65-81 2018 23 Technol. Knowl. Learn. 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-017-9302-7 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q58235993 db/journals/tkl/tkl23.html#FolkestadMTMRKS18

Adrienne Shaw Kate Kenski Jennifer Stromer-Galley Rosa Mikeal Martey Benjamin A. Clegg Joanna E. Lewis James E. Folkestad Tomek Strzalkowski Serious Efforts at Bias Reduction. 2018 30 J. Media Psychol. Theor. Methods Appl. 1 https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000174 db/journals/zmp/zmp30.html#ShawKSMCLFS18

Rosa Mikeal Martey Jennifer Stromer-Galley Adrienne Shaw Brian McKernan Tobi Saulnier Elizabeth McLaren Matthew G. Rhodes James E. Folkestad Sarah M. Taylor Kate Kenski Benjamin A. Clegg Tomek Strzalkowski Balancing Play and Formal Training in the Design of Serious Games. 269-291 2017 12 Games Cult. 3 https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412016674809 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q58235991 db/journals/gac/gac12.html#MarteySSMSMRFTK17

Christopher Dow Wickens Robert S. Gutzwiller Alex Z. Vieane Benjamin A. Clegg Angelia Sebok Jess Janes Time Sharing Between Robotics and Process Control: Validating a Model of Attention Switching. 322-343 2016 58 Hum. Factors 2 https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720815622761 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q40102716 db/journals/hf/hf58.html#WickensGVCSJ16

Nathan Herdener Christopher D. Wickens Benjamin A. Clegg C. A. P. Smith Overconfidence in Projecting Uncertain Spatial Trajectories. 899-914 2016 58 Hum. Factors 6 https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720816645259 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q38874505 db/journals/hf/hf58.html#HerdenerWCS16

Brian McKernan Rosa Mikeal Martey Jennifer Stromer-Galley Kate Kenski Benjamin A. Clegg James E. Folkestad Matthew G. Rhodes Adrienne Shaw Emilie T. Saulnier Tomek Strzalkowski We don't need no stinkin' badges: The impact of reward features and feeling rewarded in educational games. 299-306 2015 45 Comput. Hum. Behav. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.028 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q58235998 db/journals/chb/chb45.html#McKernanMSKCFRS15

Christopher D. Wickens Benjamin A. Clegg Alex Z. Vieane Angelia L. Sebok Complacency and Automation Bias in the Use of Imperfect Automation. 728-739 2015 57 Hum. Factors 5 https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720815581940 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q50589466 db/journals/hf/hf57.html#WickensCVS15

Rosa Mikeal Martey Adrienne Shaw Jennifer Stromer-Galley Kate Kenski Benjamin A. Clegg James E. Folkestad Emilie T. Saulnier Tomek Strzalkowski Testing the Power of Game Lessons: The Effects of Art and Narrative on Reducing Cognitive Biases. 2014 DiGRA https://dl.digra.org/index.php/dl/article/view/631 conf/digra/2014 db/conf/digra/digra2014.html#MarteySSKCFSS14

C. A. P. Smith Benjamin A. Clegg Eric D. Heggestad Pamela J. Hopp-Levine Interruption management: A comparison of auditory and tactile cues for both alerting and orienting. 777-786 2009 67 Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.05.002 db/journals/ijmms/ijmms67.html#SmithCHH09

Pamela J. Hopp-Levine C. A. P. Smith Benjamin A. Clegg Eric D. Heggestad Tactile interruption management: tactile cues as task-switching reminders. 137-145 2006 8 Cogn. Technol. Work. 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-006-0028-x db/journals/ctw/ctw8.html#Hopp-LevineSCH06

Pamela J. Hopp C. A. P. Smith Benjamin A. Clegg Eric D. Heggestad Interruption Management: The Use of Attention-Directing Tactile Cues. 1-11 2005 47 Hum. Factors 1 https://doi.org/10.1518/0018720053653884 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q51928982 db/journals/hf/hf47.html#HoppSCH05

Peter M. Young Benjamin A. Clegg Charles A. P. Smith Dynamic Models of Augmented Cognition. 259-273 2004 17 Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact. 2 https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327590ijhc1702_8 db/journals/ijhci/ijhci17.html#YoungCS04

Anil Ufuk Batmaz K. Raghav Bhat Nathaniel Blanchard Olga Boichak Matthew James Buckman Turgay Caglar Jordan Canzonetta Blake C. Davis James E. Folkestad Jason Garcia Sean L. Guarino Robert S. Gutzwiller Scott Harrison Eric D. Heggestad Nathan Herdener Leanne M. Hirshfield Ethan Holen Pamela J. Hopp-LevinePamela J. Hopp Joel Hypolite Jess Janes Alex Karduna David Kelle Brendan Kelley Brendan Kelly Kate Kenski Susan Latiff Joanna E. Lewis Michael Locasto Spencer Lynn Rosa Mikeal Martey Nancy McCracken Brian McKernan Elizabeth McLaren Ryan P. McMahan Domenick M. Mifsud Roc Myers Jalynn NicolyJalynn Blu Nicoly Kayla M. Noble Francisco R. Ortega 0001 Carsten ØsterlundCarsten S. Østerlund Colleen E. Patton Rebecca L. Pharmer Lucas Plabst Cody A. Poole Ashley J. Pugh Aditya Raikwar Daniel Rehberg Matthew Revelle Matthew G. Rhodes Jerry Lamont Robinson Patrícia G. C. Rossini Emilie T. Saulnier Tobi Saulnier Lael J. SchoolerLael Schooler Angelia SebokAngelia L. Sebok Adrienne Shaw Caspian Siebert Michael Sieffert Niraj Sitaula Max Slocum C. A. P. SmithCharles A. P. Smith Cara A. Spencer Tomek Stralkowski Jennifer Stromer-Galley Tomek Strzalkowski Sarah M. Taylor Stephanie Train Alex Z. Vieane Amelia C. Warden Christopher D. WickensChristopher Dow WickensChris Wickens Adam Williams Curt Wu Huichuan Xia Peter M. Young