Exploration of Algorithm-Hardware Co-Design for Floating-Point Digital Compute-in-Memory.

Kerem Akarvardar

Xiaochen Peng Haruki Mori Abhiroop Bhattacharjee Brian Crafton Hidehiro Fujiwara Kerem Akarvardar Exploration of Algorithm-Hardware Co-Design for Floating-Point Digital Compute-in-Memory. 2026 January - June 118-121 25 IEEE Comput. Archit. Lett. 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/LCA.2026.3675952 db/journals/cal/cal25.html#PengMBCFA26 streams/journals/cal

Haruki Mori Je-Min Hung Wei-Chang Zhao Kinshuk Khare Brian Crafton Hiroaki Ishii Cheng-En Lee Xiaochen Peng Xiaoyu Sun 0001 Yorinobu Fujino Chia-Jung Tsen Vineet Joshi Chao-Kai Chuang Takeshi Hashizume Chia-Fu Lee Tan-Li Chou Kerem Akarvardar Saman Adham Yih Wang Hidehiro Fujiwara Yu-Der Chih Yen-Huei Chen Hung-Jen Liao Tsung-Yung Jonathan Chang A 3 nm FinFET 125 TOPS/W-29 TFLOPS/W, 90 TOPS/mm2-17 TFLOPS/mm2 SRAM-Based INT8, and FP16 Digital-CIM Compiler With Support for Multi-Weight Update/Cycle. 2026 April 1502-1512 61 IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2025.3646072 db/journals/jssc/jssc61.html#MoriHZKCILPSFTJCHLCAAWF26 streams/journals/jssc

Kerem Akarvardar Xiaoyu Sun 0001 Brian Crafton Xiaochen Peng Haruki Mori Abhiroop Bhattacharjee Hidehiro Fujiwara H.-S. Philip Wong Ultrafast Generative AI by Ultradense 3D Integration: A Case Study on LLM-based Edge Inference. 5:1-5:31 2026 January 31 ACM Trans. Design Autom. Electr. Syst. 1 https://doi.org/10.1145/3768168 db/journals/todaes/todaes31.html#AkarvardarSCPMBFW26 streams/journals/todaes

Xiaoyu Sun 0001 Haruki Mori Wei-Chang Zhao Je-Min Hung Hidehiro Fujiwara Brian Crafton Bo Zhang Win-San Khwa Yu-Der Chih Tsung-Yung Jonathan Chang Kerem Akarvardar Enhancing DCIM Efficiency with Multi-Storage-Row Architecture for Edge AI Workloads. 377-380 2025 July - December 24 IEEE Comput. Archit. Lett. 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/LCA.2025.3629390 db/journals/cal/cal24.html#SunMZHFCZKCCA25 streams/journals/cal

Brian Crafton Xiaochen Peng Xiaoyu Sun 0001 Ashwin Sanjay Lele Bo Zhang Win-San Khwa Kerem Akarvardar Finding the Pareto Frontier of Low-Precision Data Formats and MAC Architecture for LLM Inference. 1-7 2025 DAC https://doi.org/10.1109/DAC63849.2025.11132989 conf/dac/2025 db/conf/dac/dac2025.html#CraftonPSLZKA25 streams/conf/dac

Chang Eun Song Weihong Xu Keming Fan Soumil Jain Gopabandhu Hota Haichao Yang Leo Liu Kerem Akarvardar Meng-Fan Chang Carlos H. Diaz Gert Cauwenberghs Tajana Rosing Mingu Kang Clo-HDnn: A 4.66 TFLOPS/W and 3.78 TOPS/W Continual On-Device Learning Accelerator with Energy-efficient Hyperdimensional Computing via Progressive Search. 2025 July abs/2507.17953 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.17953 db/journals/corr/corr2507.html#abs-2507-17953 streams/journals/corr

Xiaoyu Sun 0001 Weidong Cao 0001 Brian Crafton Kerem Akarvardar Haruki Mori Hidehiro Fujiwara Hiroki Noguchi Yu-Der Chih Meng-Fan Chang Yih Wang Tsung-Yung Jonathan Chang Efficient Processing of MLPerf Mobile Workloads Using Digital Compute-In-Memory Macros. 1191-1205 2024 April 43 IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst. 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2023.3333290 db/journals/tcad/tcad43.html#SunCCAMFNCCWC24

Xiaoyu Sun 0001 Xiaochen Peng Sai Qian Zhang Jorge Gomez 0002 Win-San Khwa Syed Shakib Sarwar Ziyun Li 0001 Weidong Cao 0001 Zhao Wang Chiao Liu Meng-Fan Chang Barbara De Salvo Kerem Akarvardar H.-S. Philip Wong Estimating Power, Performance, and Area for On-Sensor Deployment of AR/VR Workloads Using an Analytical Framework. 1-27 2024 29 ACM Trans. Design Autom. Electr. Syst. 6 https://doi.org/10.1145/3670404 db/journals/todaes/todaes29.html#SunPZGKSLCWLCSAW24 streams/journals/todaes

Xiaoyu Sun 0001 Win-San Khwa Xiaochen Peng Meng-Fan Chang Kerem Akarvardar Non-volatile Memory Technologies for Edge AI Applications. 126:1-126:7 2024 ICCAD https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3697115 conf/iccad/2024 db/conf/iccad/iccad2024.html#0001KPCA24 Hidehiro Fujiwara Haruki Mori Wei-Chang Zhao Kinshuk Khare Cheng-En Lee Xiaochen Peng Vineet Joshi Chao-Kai Chuang Shu-Huan Hsu Takeshi Hashizume Toshiaki Naganuma Chen-Hung Tien Yao-Yi Liu Yen-Chien Lai Chia-Fu Lee Tan-Li Chou Kerem Akarvardar Saman Adham Yih Wang Yu-Der Chih Yen-Huei Chen Hung-Jen Liao Tsung-Yung Jonathan Chang 34.4 A 3nm, 32.5TOPS/W, 55.0TOPS/mm2 and 3.78Mb/mm2 Fully-Digital Compute-in-Memory Macro Supporting INT12 × INT12 with a Parallel-MAC Architecture and Foundry 6T-SRAM Bit Cell. 572-574 2024 ISSCC https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSCC49657.2024.10454556 conf/isscc/2024 db/conf/isscc/isscc2024.html#FujiwaraMZKLPJCHHNTLLLCAAWCCLC24

Kerem Akarvardar H.-S. Philip Wong Technology Prospects for Data-Intensive Computing. 92-112 2023 111 Proc. IEEE 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2022.3218057 db/journals/pieee/pieee111.html#AkarvardarW23

Haruki Mori Wei-Chang Zhao Cheng-En Lee Chia-Fu Lee Yu-Hao Hsu Chao-Kai Chuang Takeshi Hashizume Hao-Chun Tung Yao-Yi Liu Shin-Rung Wu Kerem Akarvardar Tan-Li Chou Hidehiro Fujiwara Yih Wang Yu-Der Chih Yen-Huei Chen Hung-Jen Liao Tsung-Yung Jonathan Chang A 4nm 6163-TOPS/W/b $\mathbf{4790-TOPS/mm^{2}/b}$ SRAM Based Digital-Computing-in-Memory Macro Supporting Bit-Width Flexibility and Simultaneous MAC and Weight Update. 132-133 2023 ISSCC https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSCC42615.2023.10067555 conf/isscc/2023 db/conf/isscc/isscc2023.html#MoriZLLHCHTLWACFWCCLC23 Hidehiro Fujiwara Haruki Mori Wei-Chang Zhao Mei-Chen Chuang Rawan Naous Chao-Kai Chuang Takeshi Hashizume Dar Sun Chia-Fu Lee Kerem Akarvardar Saman Adham Tan-Li Chou Mahmut Ersin Sinangil Yih Wang Yu-Der Chih Yen-Huei Chen Hung-Jen Liao Tsung-Yung Jonathan Chang A 5-nm 254-TOPS/W 221-TOPS/mm2 Fully-Digital Computing-in-Memory Macro Supporting Wide-Range Dynamic-Voltage-Frequency Scaling and Simultaneous MAC and Write Operations. 1-3 2022 ISSCC https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSCC42614.2022.9731754 conf/isscc/2022 db/conf/isscc/isscc2022.html#FujiwaraMZCNCHS22

Mahmut E. Sinangil Burak Erbagci Rawan Naous Kerem Akarvardar Dar Sun Win-San Khwa Hung-Jen Liao Yih Wang Jonathan Chang A 7-nm Compute-in-Memory SRAM Macro Supporting Multi-Bit Input, Weight and Output and Achieving 351 TOPS/W and 372.4 GOPS. 188-198 2021 56 IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2020.3031290 db/journals/jssc/jssc56.html#SinangilENASKLW21

Yu-Der Chih Po-Hao Lee Hidehiro Fujiwara Yi-Chun Shih Chia-Fu Lee Rawan Naous Yu-Lin Chen Chieh-Pu Lo Cheng-Han Lu Haruki Mori Wei-Cheng Zhao Dar Sun Mahmut E. Sinangil Yen-Huei Chen Tan-Li Chou Kerem Akarvardar Hung-Jen Liao Yih Wang Meng-Fan Chang Tsung-Yung Jonathan Chang An 89TOPS/W and 16.3TOPS/mm2 All-Digital SRAM-Based Full-Precision Compute-In Memory Macro in 22nm for Machine-Learning Edge Applications. 252-254 2021 ISSCC https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSCC42613.2021.9365766 conf/isscc/2021 db/conf/isscc/isscc2021.html#ChihLFSLNCLLMZS21

H.-S. Philip Wong Kerem Akarvardar Dimitri A. Antoniadis Jeffrey Bokor Chenming Hu Tsu-Jae King Liu Subhasish Mitra James D. Plummer Sayeef S. Salahuddin A Density Metric for Semiconductor Technology [Point of View]. 478-482 2020 108 Proc. IEEE 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2020.2981715 db/journals/pieee/pieee108.html#WongAABHLMPS20

H.-S. Philip Wong Kerem Akarvardar Dimitri A. Antoniadis Jeffrey Bokor Chenming Hu Tsu-Jae King Liu Subhasish Mitra James D. Plummer Sayeef S. Salahuddin Lei Deng 0003 Xin-Guo Li Song Han 0003 Luping Shi Yuan Xie 0001 Elias Yaacoub Mohamed-Slim Alouini Ahmed Douik Hayssam Dahrouj Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri Scanning the Issue. 483-484 2020 108 Proc. IEEE 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2020.2979196 db/journals/pieee/pieee108.html#WongAABHLMPSDLH20

Chen Chen 0018 Roozbeh Parsa Nishant Patil Soogine Chong Kerem Akarvardar J. Provine David Lewis Jeff Watt Roger T. Howe H.-S. Philip Wong Subhasish Mitra Efficient FPGAs using nanoelectromechanical relays. 273-282 2010 FPGA https://doi.org/10.1145/1723112.1723158 conf/fpga/2010 db/conf/fpga/fpga2010.html#ChenPPCAPLWHWM10 Soogine Chong Kerem Akarvardar Roozbeh Parsa Jun-Bo Yoon Roger T. Howe Subhasish Mitra H.-S. Philip Wong Nanoelectromechanical (NEM) relays integrated with CMOS SRAM for improved stability and low leakage. 478-484 2009 ICCAD https://doi.org/10.1145/1687399.1687490 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5361249/ conf/iccad/2009 db/conf/iccad/iccad2009.html#ChongAPYHMW09

Kerem Akarvardar Abdelkarim Mercha Eddy Simoen Vaidyanathan Subramanian Cor Claeys Pierre Gentil Sorin Cristoloveanu High-temperature performance of state-of-the-art triple-gate transistors. 2065-2069 2007 47 Microelectron. Reliab. 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2006.10.002 db/journals/mr/mr47.html#AkarvardarMSSCGC07

Suheng Chen James Vandersand Benjamin J. Blalock Kerem Akarvardar Sorin Cristoloveanu Mohammad M. Mojarradi SOI four-gate transistors (G4-FETs) for high voltage analog applications. 311-314 2005 ESSCIRC https://doi.org/10.1109/ESSCIR.2005.1541622 conf/esscirc/2005 db/conf/esscirc/esscirc2005.html#ChenVBACM05 Kerem Akarvardar Suheng Chen Benjamin J. Blalock Sorin Cristoloveanu Pierre Gentil Mohammad M. Mojarradi A novel four-quadrant analog multiplier using SOI four-gate transistors (G4-FETs). 499-502 2005 ESSCIRC https://doi.org/10.1109/ESSCIR.2005.1541669 conf/esscirc/2005 db/conf/esscirc/esscirc2005.html#AkarvardarCBCGM05 Amir Fijany Farrokh Vatan Mohammad M. Mojarradi Nikzad Benny Toomarian Benjamin J. Blalock Kerem Akarvardar Sorin Cristoloveanu Pierre Gentil The G4-FET: a universal and programmable logic gate. 349-352 2005 conf/glvlsi/2005 ACM Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI https://doi.org/10.1145/1057661.1057745 db/conf/glvlsi/glvlsi2005.html#FijanyVMTBACG05 Saman Adham Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri Mohamed-Slim Alouini Dimitri A. Antoniadis Abhiroop Bhattacharjee Benjamin J. Blalock Jeffrey Bokor Weidong Cao 0001 Gert Cauwenberghs Jonathan Chang Meng-Fan Chang Tsung-Yung Jonathan Chang Chen Chen 0018 Suheng Chen Yen-Huei Chen Yu-Lin Chen Yu-Der Chih Soogine Chong Tan-Li Chou Chao-Kai Chuang Mei-Chen Chuang Cor Claeys Brian Crafton Sorin Cristoloveanu Hayssam Dahrouj Lei Deng 0003 Carlos H. Diaz Ahmed Douik Burak Erbagci Keming Fan Amir Fijany Yorinobu Fujino Hidehiro Fujiwara Pierre Gentil Jorge Gomez 0002 Song Han 0003 Takeshi Hashizume Gopabandhu Hota Roger T. Howe Shu-Huan Hsu Yu-Hao Hsu Chenming Hu Je-Min Hung Hiroaki Ishii Soumil Jain Vineet Joshi Mingu Kang Kinshuk Khare Win-San Khwa Yen-Chien Lai Cheng-En Lee Chia-Fu Lee Po-Hao Lee Ashwin Sanjay Lele David Lewis Xinguo LiXin-Guo Li Ziyun Li 0001 Hung-Jen Liao Chiao Liu Leo Liu Tsu-Jae King Liu Yao-Yi Liu Chieh-Pu Lo Cheng-Han Lu Abdelkarim Mercha Subhasish Mitra Mohammad M. Mojarradi Haruki Mori Toshiaki Naganuma Rawan Naous Hiroki Noguchi Roozbeh Parsa Nishant Patil Xiaochen Peng James D. Plummer J. Provine Tajana Rosing Sayeef S. Salahuddin Barbara De Salvo Syed Shakib Sarwar Luping Shi Yi-Chun Shih Eddy Simoen Mahmut E. SinangilMahmut Ersin Sinangil Chang Eun Song Vaidyanathan Subramanian Dar Sun Xiaoyu Sun 0001 Chen-Hung Tien Nikzad Benny Toomarian Chia-Jung Tsen Hao-Chun Tung James Vandersand Farrokh Vatan Yih Wang Zhao Wang Jeff Watt H.-S. Philip Wong Shin-Rung Wu Yuan Xie 0001 Weihong Xu Elias Yaacoub Haichao Yang Jun-Bo Yoon Bo Zhang Sai Qian Zhang Wei-Chang Zhao Wei-Cheng Zhao