Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM): A Systematic Review of Observability Regimes, Methods, and Evaluation Paradigms.

Alessandro Goedtel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7978-6664

Esdras Battosti da Silva Hiago Galindo De Almeida Gabriel De Abreu Silva Ruhan Pontes Policarpo De Souza Cristiano Marcos Agulhari Marcelo Favoretto Castoldi Alessandro Goedtel Wesley Angelino de Souza Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM): A Systematic Review of Observability Regimes, Methods, and Evaluation Paradigms. 2026 29418-29455 14 IEEE Access https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3666553 db/journals/access/access14.html#SilvaASSACGS26 streams/journals/access

Avyner Lorran O. Vitor Alessandro Goedtel Wesley Angelino de Souza Marcelo Favoretto Castoldi Daniel Morinigo-Sotelo Oscar Duque-Perez Cohen's class bilinear distributions and convolutional neural networks applied to broken rotor bar diagnosis. 129835 2026 298 Expert Syst. Appl. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2025.129835 db/journals/eswa/eswa298.html#VitorGSCMD26 streams/journals/eswa

Marcelo Favoretto Castoldi Gustavo Henrique Bazan Wesley Angelino de Souza Clayton Luiz Graciola Rafael Martini Silva Alessandro Goedtel Parameter Estimation for Three-Phase Induction Motor Based on Performance Curves and Differential Evolution. 133891-133908 2025 13 IEEE Access https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3592886 db/journals/access/access13.html#CastoldiBSGSG25 streams/journals/access

Avyner Lorran O. Vitor Paulo Rogério Scalassara Alessandro Goedtel Marcelo Favoretto Castoldi Wagner Endo Gustavo Henrique Bazan Wavelet packet measurements and neural networks applied to stator short-circuit diagnosis. 2836-2848 2025 47 Trans. Inst. Meas. Control 14 https://doi.org/10.1177/01423312241265527 db/journals/tinstmc/tinstmc47.html#VitorSGCEB25 streams/journals/tinstmc

Mariana Pelisson Murillo Garcia Gentil José Pedro Barbosa Neto Alessandro Goedtel Marcelo Favoretto Castoldi Wesley Angelino de Souza Fault Diagnosis of Rotor in Three-Phase Induction Motors Using Current Physical Components. 1-6 2025 IECON https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON58223.2025.11221753 conf/iecon/2025 db/conf/iecon/iecon2025.html#PelissonGNGCS25

Felipe Augusto Dutra Bueno Alessandro Goedtel Taufik Abrão José Carlos Marinello A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning-Based Grant-Free Random Access Protocol for mMTC Massive MIMO Networks. 30 2024 June 13 J. Sens. Actuator Networks 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13030030 db/journals/jsan/jsan13.html#BuenoGAM24

Jacqueline Jordan Guedes Alessandro Goedtel Marcelo Favoretto Castoldi Danilo Sipoli Sanches Paulo José Amaral Serni Agnes Fernanda Ferreira Rezende Gustavo Henrique Bazan Wesley Angelino de Souza Three-phase induction motor fault identification using optimization algorithms and intelligent systems. 6709-6724 2024 May 28 Soft Comput. 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-023-09519-5 db/journals/soco/soco28.html#GuedesGCSSRBS24

Rafael Martini Silva Marcelo Favoretto Castoldi Alessandro Goedtel Danilo Sipoli Sanches Rodrigo de Andrade Ramos Binary differential evolution applied to the optimization of the voltage stability margin through the selection of corrective control sets. 8861-8887 2024 August 28 Soft Comput. 15-16 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-023-09087-8 db/journals/soco/soco28.html#SilvaCGSR24 streams/journals/soco

Avyner Lorran O. Vitor Alessandro Goedtel Sylvio Barbon Gustavo Henrique Bazan Marcelo Favoretto Castoldi Wesley Angelino de Souza Induction motor short circuit diagnosis and interpretation under voltage unbalance and load variation conditions. 119998 2023 August 224 Expert Syst. Appl. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.119998 db/journals/eswa/eswa224.html#VitorGBBCS23

Avyner Lorran O. Vitor Alessandro Goedtel Marcelo Favoretto Castoldi Wesley Angelino de Souza Gustavo Henrique Bazan Induction Machine Fault Diagnosis With Quadratic Time-Frequency Distributions: State of the Art. 1-16 2023 72 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2023.3323999 db/journals/tim/tim72.html#VitorGCSB23

Gustavo Henrique Bazan Alessandro Goedtel Paulo Rogério Scalassara Wagner Endo Erick Araujo Nunes Victor Takeo Ferreira Takase Jacqueline Jordan Guedes Murillo Garcia Gentil An Embedded System for Stator Short-Circuit Diagnosis in Three-Phase Induction Motors Using Information Theory and Artificial Neural Networks. 6582-6592 2022 52 IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst. 10 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2022.3149851 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q114083591 db/journals/tsmc/tsmc52.html#BazanGSENTGG22

Felipe Augusto Dutra Bueno Cézar Fumio Yamamura Alessandro Goedtel José Carlos Marinello Filho A Random Access Protocol for Crowded Massive MIMO Systems Based on a Bayesian Classifier. 2455-2459 2022 11 IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett. 11 https://doi.org/10.1109/LWC.2022.3207069 db/journals/wcl/wcl11.html#BuenoYGF22

Gustavo Henrique Bazan Alessandro Goedtel Paulo Rogério Scalassara Wagner Endo Rotor fault diagnosis of frequency inverter fed or line-connected induction motors using mutual information. 1309-1324 2021 25 Soft Comput. 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-020-05224-9 db/journals/soco/soco25.html#BazanGSE21

Tiago Henrique dos Santos Ivan Nunes da Silva Alessandro Goedtel Marcelo Favoretto Castoldi Bruno Augusto Angélico TDNN speed estimator applied to stator oriented IM sensorless drivers. 12977-12988 2021 25 Soft Comput. 20 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-021-05989-7 db/journals/soco/soco25.html#SantosSGCA21

Fabrício Augusto de Souza Marcelo Favoretto Castoldi Alessandro Goedtel Murilo V. G. da Silva A cascade perceptron and Kohonen network approach to fault location in rural distribution feeders. 106627 2020 96 Appl. Soft Comput. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106627 db/journals/asc/asc96.html#SouzaCGS20

Cristiane A. Pendeza Martinez Fábio Renan Durand Taufik Abrão Alessandro Goedtel Hopfield learning-based and non-linear programming methods for resource allocation in OCDMA networks. 1925-1936 2020 14 IET Commun. 12 https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2019.0908 db/journals/iet-com/iet-com14.html#MartinezDAG20

Gustavo Henrique Bazan Paulo Rogério Scalassara Wagner Endo Alessandro Goedtel Information Theoretical Measurements From Induction Motors Under Several Load and Voltage Conditions for Bearing Faults Classification. 3640-3650 2020 16 IEEE Trans. Ind. Informatics 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2019.2939678 db/journals/tii/tii16.html#BazanSEG20

Jacqueline Jordan Guedes Marcelo Favoretto Castoldi Alessandro Goedtel Cristiano Marcos Agulhari Danilo Sipoli Sanches Differential evolution applied to line-connected induction motors stator fault identification. 11217-11226 2019 23 Soft Comput. 21 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-018-03674-w https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q128753508 db/journals/soco/soco23.html#GuedesCGAS19

Gustavo Henrique Bazan Paulo Rogério Scalassara Wagner Endo Alessandro Goedtel Rodrigo Henrique Cunha Palácios Wagner Fontes Godoy Stator Short-Circuit Diagnosis in Induction Motors Using Mutual Information and Intelligent Systems. 3237-3246 2019 66 IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2018.2840983 db/journals/tie/tie66.html#MottaSEGPG19

Arthur Nascimento Rosa Lima Guilherme Adriano Juliani Storti Marcelo Favoretto Castoldi Alessandro Goedtel Emerson Ravazzi Pires da Silva Optimization of the PI controller used in Model Predictive Torque Control through Differential Evolution. 348-353 2019 ISIE https://doi.org/10.1109/ISIE.2019.8781449 conf/isie/2019 db/conf/isie/isie2019.html#LimaSCGS19 Gustavo Henrique Bazan Marcelo Favoretto Castoldi Alessandro Goedtel W. C. A. Pereira M. L. Aguiar Virtual Platform of Field Oriented Control of Induction Motor to Assist in Education of Undergraduate Students. 1599-1604 2019 ISIE https://doi.org/10.1109/ISIE.2019.8781199 conf/isie/2019 db/conf/isie/isie2019.html#BazanCGPA19

Cristiane A. Pendeza Martinez Taufik Abrão Fábio Renan Durand Alessandro Goedtel Hopfield Learning-based and Nonlinear Programming methods for Resource Allocation in OCDMA Networks. 2019 abs/1908.10391 CoRR http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10391 db/journals/corr/corr1908.html#abs-1908-10391

Bruno Leandro Galvao Costa Clayton Luiz Graciola Bruno Augusto Angélico Alessandro Goedtel Marcelo Favoretto Castoldi Metaheuristics optimization applied to PI controllers tuning of a DTC-SVM drive for three-phase induction motors. 776-788 2018 62 Appl. Soft Comput. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2017.09.007 db/journals/asc/asc62.html#CostaGAGC18

Layhon R. R. dos Santos Fábio Renan Durand Alessandro Goedtel Taufik Abrão Auto-Tuning PID Distributed Power Control for Next-Generation Passive Optical Networks. D110-D125 2018 10 JOCN 10 https://doi.org/10.1364/jocn.10.00d110 db/journals/jocnet/jocnet10.html#SantosDGA18

Tiago Drummond Lopes Alessandro Goedtel Rodrigo Henrique Cunha Palácios Wagner Fontes Godoy Roberto Molina de Souza Bearing fault identification of three-phase induction motors bases on two current sensor strategy. 6673-6685 2017 21 Soft Comput. 22 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-016-2217-8 db/journals/soco/soco21.html#LopesGPGS17

Rodrigo Henrique Cunha Palácios Ivan Nunes da Silva Alessandro Goedtel Wagner Fontes Godoy Tiago Drummond Lopes Diagnosis of Stator Faults Severity in Induction Motors Using Two Intelligent Approaches. 1681-1691 2017 13 IEEE Trans. Ind. Informatics 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2017.2696978 db/journals/tii/tii13.html#PalaciosSGGL17

Clayton Luiz Graciola Alessandro Goedtel Marcelo Suetake Rodrigo Rodrigues Sumar Neural speed estimator for line-connected induction motor embedded in a digital processor. 616-623 2016 40 Appl. Soft Comput. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2015.12.033 db/journals/asc/asc40.html#GraciolaGSS16

Rodrigo Henrique Cunha Palácios Ivan Nunes da Silva Alessandro Goedtel Wagner Fontes Godoy A novel multi-agent approach to identify faults in line connected three-phase induction motors. 1-10 2016 45 Appl. Soft Comput. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2016.04.018 db/journals/asc/asc45.html#PalaciosSGG16

Wagner Fontes Godoy Rodrigo Henrique Cunha Palácios Ivan Nunes da Silva Alessandro Goedtel Pedro P. D. da Silva Intelligent systems applied on the estimation of bearing faults in inverter-fed induction motors. 1507-1512 2016 IECON https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON.2016.7793019 conf/iecon/2016 db/conf/iecon/iecon2016.html#GodoyPSGS16

Wagner Fontes Godoy Ivan Nunes da Silva Alessandro Goedtel Rodrigo Henrique Cunha Palácios Evaluation of stator winding faults severity in inverter-fed induction motors. 420-431 2015 32 Appl. Soft Comput. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2015.03.053 db/journals/asc/asc32.html#GodoySGP15

Wagner Fontes Godoy Ivan Nunes da Silva Alessandro Goedtel Rodrigo Henrique Cunha Palácios W. S. Gongora Neural approach for bearing fault classification in induction motors by using motor current and voltage. 2087-2092 2014 IJCNN https://doi.org/10.1109/IJCNN.2014.6889664 conf/ijcnn/2014 db/conf/ijcnn/ijcnn2014.html#GodoySGPG14

Claudionor Francisco do Nascimento Azauri Albano de Oliveira Jr. Alessandro Goedtel Alvaro Batista Dietrich Harmonic distortion monitoring for nonlinear loads using neural-network-method. 475-482 2013 13 Appl. Soft Comput. 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2012.08.043 db/journals/asc/asc13.html#NascimentoOGD13

Tiago Henrique dos Santos Alessandro Goedtel Sérgio Augusto Oliveira da Silva Marcelo Suetake An ANN Speed Observer Applied to Three-Phase Induction Motor. 101-108 2012 IDEAL https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32639-4_13 conf/ideal/2012 db/conf/ideal/ideal2012.html#SantosGSS12

Claudionor Francisco do Nascimento Azauri Albano de Oliveira Jr. Alessandro Goedtel Paulo José Amaral Serni Harmonic identification using parallel neural networks in single-phase systems. 2178-2185 2011 11 Appl. Soft Comput. 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2010.07.017 db/journals/asc/asc11.html#NascimentoOGS11

Marcelo Suetake Ivan Nunes da Silva Alessandro Goedtel Embedded DSP-Based Compact Fuzzy System and Its Application for Induction-Motor V/f Speed Control. 750-760 2011 58 IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2010.2047822 db/journals/tie/tie58.html#SuetakeSG11

Ivan Nunes da Silva Alessandro Goedtel Rogério Andrade Flauzino The modified Hopfield architecture applied in dynamic programming problems and bipartite graph optimization. 17-26 2007 4 Int. J. Hybrid Intell. Syst. 1 http://content.iospress.com/articles/international-journal-of-hybrid-intelligent-systems/his00037 db/journals/ijhis/ijhis4.html#SilvaGF07

Alessandro Goedtel Ivan Nunes da Silva Paulo J. A. Serni Neural Approach for Induction Motor Load Torque Identification in Industrial Applications. 479-484 2007 CCA https://doi.org/10.1109/CCA.2007.4389277 conf/IEEEcca/2007 db/conf/IEEEcca/IEEEcca2007.html#GoedtelSS07 Alessandro Goedtel Ivan Nunes da Silva Paulo J. A. Serni Intelligent System Based Speed Estimation of Induction Motors for Industrial Sensorless Schemes. 1108-1112 2007 CCA https://doi.org/10.1109/CCA.2007.4389382 conf/IEEEcca/2007 db/conf/IEEEcca/IEEEcca2007.html#GoedtelSS07a Alessandro Goedtel Ivan Nunes da Silva Paulo J. A. Serni Claudionor F. Nascimento Neural Approach for Speed Estimation in Induction Motors. 561-566 2007 ISDA https://doi.org/10.1109/ISDA.2007.104 https://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/ISDA.2007.104 conf/isda/2007 db/conf/isda/isda2007.html#GoedtelSSN07 Alessandro Goedtel Ivan Nunes da Silva Paulo Jose Amaral Semi An alternative approach to solve convergence problems in the backpropagation algorithm. 1021-1026 2004 IJCNN https://doi.org/10.1109/IJCNN.2004.1380074 conf/ijcnn/2004 db/conf/ijcnn/ijcnn2004.html#GoedtelSS04 streams/conf/ijcnn Taufik Abrão M. L. Aguiar Cristiano M. AgulhariCristiano Marcos Agulhari Hiago Galindo De Almeida Bruno Augusto Angélico Gustavo Henrique Bazan Felipe Augusto Dutra Bueno Marcelo Favoretto Castoldi Bruno Leandro Galvao Costa Alvaro Batista Dietrich Oscar DuqueOscar Duque-Perez Fábio Renan Durand Wagner Endo José Carlos Marinello FilhoJosé Carlos Marinello Rogério Andrade Flauzino Murillo Garcia Gentil Wagner Fontes Godoy W. S. Gongora Clayton Luiz Graciola Jacqueline Jordan Guedes Sylvio Barbon JuniorSylvio Barbon Arthur Nascimento Rosa Lima Tiago Drummond Lopes Cristiane A. Pendeza Martinez Daniel Morinigo-Sotelo Claudionor F. Nascimento Claudionor Francisco do Nascimento José Pedro Barbosa Neto Erick Araujo Nunes Azauri Albano de Oliveira Jr. Rodrigo Henrique Cunha Palácios Mariana Pelisson Wagner Coelho A. PereiraW. C. A. Pereira Rodrigo A. RamosRodrigo de Andrade Ramos Agnes Fernanda Ferreira Rezende Danilo Sipoli Sanches Layhon R. R. dos Santos Tiago Henrique dos Santos Paulo Rogério Scalassara Paulo Jose Amaral Semi Paulo José Amaral SerniPaulo J. A. Serni Emerson Ravazzi Pires da Silva Esdras Battosti da Silva Gabriel De Abreu Silva Ivan Nunes da Silva Murilo V. G. da Silva Pedro P. D. da Silva Rafael Martini Silva Sérgio Augusto Oliveira da Silva Fabrício Augusto de Souza Roberto Molina de Souza Ruhan Pontes Policarpo De Souza Wesley Angelino de Souza Guilherme Adriano Juliani Storti Marcelo Suetake Rodrigo Rodrigues Sumar Victor Takeo Ferreira Takase Avyner Lorran O. Vitor Cézar Fumio Yamamura