Professors Patrik Ernfors and David Ginty are awarded The Brain Prize 2026 for their pioneering work on the cellular architecture of touch and pain. The ability to detect and interpret touch and pain depends on an extraordinary diversity of peripheral sensory neurons, supporting cells, and precisely organized spinal cord and brainstem circuits. For decades, the field lacked a clear understanding of how many distinct sensory neuron types exist, how their peripheral endings are built, and how their signals are processed and routed to the central nervous system. The winners transformed our knowledge by revealing the cellular building blocks of somatosensation and the neural principles by which they are organized. Together, their discoveries have rewritten textbook principles of somatosensation and provided the foundation for a new generation of targeted interventions for pain and somatosensory dysfunction based on specific cell types and neural pathways.