{"id":911,"date":"2019-12-24T16:36:18","date_gmt":"2019-12-24T11:06:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/binaryterms.com\/?p=911"},"modified":"2021-09-21T15:31:55","modified_gmt":"2021-09-21T10:01:55","slug":"classful-addressing-in-ipv4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/binaryterms.com\/classful-addressing-in-ipv4.html","title":{"rendered":"Classful Addressing in IPv4"},"content":{"rendered":"

Classful addressing<\/strong> is a concept that divides<\/strong> the available address space<\/strong> of IPv4 into five classes<\/strong> namely A, B, C, D & E<\/strong>. Nowadays, this concept has become obsolete and has been replaced with classless addressing<\/strong>. IP addresses, before 1993<\/strong> use the classful addressing where classes have a fixed number of blocks<\/strong> and each block has a fixed number of hosts<\/strong>. In this section, we will deeply study the classful addressing, its disadvantages & solution to its flaws.<\/p>\n

Content: Classful Addressing<\/h2>\n
    \n
  1. What is Classful Addressing?<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. Classes in Classful Addressing<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. Disadvantages of Classful Addressing<\/a><\/li>\n
  4. Subnetting & Supernetting<\/a><\/li>\n
  5. Key Takeaways<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    <\/a><\/p>\n

    What is Classful Addressing?<\/h3>\n

    In its initial days, IP addresses use the concept of classful addressing<\/strong> which splits<\/strong> the available address space into five classes A, B, C, D & E<\/strong>. IPv4 addresses are represented using 32-bit<\/strong> addresses. The 32-bit IPv4 address<\/strong> is also referred to as the 4-byte address<\/strong> or 4-octet address<\/strong>. So, we can conclude that the address space of IPv4<\/strong> is 232<\/strong> <\/sup><\/strong>which is equal to 4,294,967,296.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \"IPv4<\/p>\n

    Generally, the IPv4 addresses are expressed using the binary notation<\/strong> or dotted decimal notation <\/strong>or hexadecimal notation<\/strong>. The first few bits<\/strong> of binary notation<\/strong> of IPv4 addresses recognizes the class<\/strong> of the address whereas, in dotted-decimal notation<\/strong> of IPv4 address the value of the first byte recognizes the class<\/strong> of the address. As you can see the image below, the first byte of each class denotes the range of addresses in each class.<\/p>\n

    \"Dotted<\/p>\n

    The classful addressing concepts divide the address space into a fixed number of blocks and each block has a fixed number of hosts. In IPv4 addresses of class A, B & C the first part of the address is considered as net-id (Network id) and the second part of the address is called host-id. The size of these parts varies with the classes.<\/p>\n

    Net-id:<\/strong> The net-id denotes the address of the network.
    \nHost-id:<\/strong> The hoist-id denotes the address of the host attached to the corresponding network.<\/p>\n

    In Class A, the net-id<\/strong> is defined by the first byte<\/strong> of the address. And the rest 3 bytes<\/strong> defines the host-id<\/strong>.
    \nIn Class B, the first two bytes<\/strong>\u00a0of the address defines the network address<\/strong> and the rest two bytes<\/strong> defines the host-id<\/strong>.
    \nIn Class C the first three bytes<\/strong> defines the network address<\/strong> and the last byte<\/strong> defines the host-id<\/strong>.
    \n    <\/a><\/p>\n

    Classes of Classful address<\/h3>\n

    Class A<\/h4>\n

    The network id<\/strong> of class A is defined by the first byte<\/strong> of the 32-bit IPv4 address. In class A, the first bit<\/strong> of the net-id <\/strong>stays ‘0′ <\/strong>to define that the IPv4 address belongs to the class A and the other 7 bits<\/strong> of the net-id can be changed to defines different blocks in class A. As the first bit is preserved the remaining seven bits calculate the number of blocks in the class A i.e. 27<\/sup>= 128 blocks<\/strong>. There are 128 blocks in class A, as the addressing would start from 0 the range of blocks will be from 0-127.<\/p>\n

    The host-id <\/strong>in class A is defined by the remaining three bytes<\/strong> of the IPv4 address which is equal to 24 bits. So, we can calculate the number of hosts for each block<\/strong> as 224<\/sup>=16,777,216.<\/strong> So, we conclude that we can assign 128 blocks from class A to 128 organizations where each organization can have 16,777,216 hosts connected to the network.<\/p>\n

    \"IPv4<\/p>\n

    Now, as we have calculated the number of blocks and the number of addresses in each block of class A. Let us count the total number of addresses in class A which can be calculated as follow:<\/p>\n

    As we have seen above the first bit<\/strong> of the entire 32-bit addresses<\/strong> of class A<\/strong> stays \u20180<\/strong>\u2019. The remaining 31 bits<\/strong> of 32-bit addresses can be changed to define the address space<\/strong> of class A<\/strong> i.e. 231<\/sup>= 2,147,483,648.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Class B<\/h4>\n

    The network id<\/strong> or the net-id of class B<\/strong> is defined using the first two bytes<\/strong> of the IPv4 address. The first two bits<\/strong> of net-id<\/strong> stays \u201810<\/strong>\u2019 to define that the IPv4 address belongs to the class B<\/strong> and the remaining 14 bits<\/strong> of net-id can be changed to calculate the number of blocks<\/strong> in class B i.e. 214<\/sup>= 16,384.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    The next two bytes<\/strong> to of IPv4 address denotes the host id<\/strong> in class B which is 16 bits<\/strong>. The number of hosts can be calculated as 216<\/sup>= 65,536<\/strong>. So, we conclude that we can assign 16,384 blocks from class B to 16,384 organizations where each organization can have 65,536 hosts connected to the network.<\/p>\n

    \"IPv4<\/p>\n

    Now, as we have calculated the number of blocks and the number of addresses in each block of class B. Let us count the total number of addresses in class B which can be calculated as follow:<\/p>\n

    As we have seen above the first two bits<\/strong> of the entire 32-bit addresses of class B stays \u201810<\/strong>\u2019 to define the class. The remaining 30 bits<\/strong> of entire 32-bit addresses can be changed to define the address space<\/strong> of class B<\/strong> i.e. 230<\/sup>= 1,073,741,824<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    Class C<\/h4>\n

    In class C the network id is<\/strong> defined by the first 3 bytes<\/strong> of the IPv4 address. The first 3 bits<\/strong> in network id<\/strong> stay \u201811<\/strong>0\u2019 to define the class<\/strong> and the remaining 21 bits defines the number of block<\/strong>s in class B. The number of blocks can be calculated as 221<\/sup>= 2,097,152.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    The last byte<\/strong> of the IPv4 address in class C defines the host-id<\/strong>. The number of hosts<\/strong> can be calculated as 28 <\/sup>= 256<\/strong>. So, we conclude that we can assign 2,097,152 blocks from class C to 2,097,152 organizations where each organization can have 256 hosts connected to the network.<\/p>\n

    \"IPv4<\/p>\n

    Now, as we have calculated the number of blocks and the number of addresses in each block of class C. Let us count the total number of addresses in class C which can be calculated as follow:<\/p>\n

    As we have seen above the first three bits<\/strong> of the entire 32-bit addresses of class C<\/strong> stays \u2018110<\/strong>\u2019 to define the class. The remaining 29 bits<\/strong> of entire 32-bit addresses can be changed to define the address space of class C i.e. 229<\/sup>= 536,870,912<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    Class D<\/h4>\n

    Like class A, B & C, class D does not divide<\/strong> IPv4\u00a0into net-id<\/strong> and host-id<\/strong>. All the addresses<\/strong> of class D are of one single block<\/strong>. The class D addresses are designed for multicasting<\/strong>. The first four-bit<\/strong> of entire 32-bit addresses of class D<\/strong> stays \u20181110<\/strong>\u2019 to define the class.<\/p>\n

    The remaining 28<\/strong> bits from the 32-bit addresses of class D can be changed to define the address space<\/strong> of class D. So, the number of addresses in class D is 228<\/sup>=2,68,435,456.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \"IPv4<\/p>\n

    Class E<\/h4>\n

    Like class D, Class E addresses are one block addresses. The addresses in class E are not split into net-id and host-id. The addresses in class E are reserved for future<\/strong> use. The first four bits<\/strong> of entire 32-bit IPv4 addresses of class E stays \u20181111<\/strong>\u2019. The remaining 28-bit<\/strong> changes to define the number of addresses in class E<\/strong> i.e. 228<\/sup>=2,68,435,456<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    \"IPv4
    \n    <\/a><\/p>\n

    Disadvantages of Classful Addressing<\/h3>\n
      \n
    1. If we consider class A, the number of addresses in each block is more than enough<\/strong> for almost any organization. So, it results in wastage of addresses.<\/li>\n
    2. Same is the case with class B, probably an organization receiving block from class B would not require that much of addresses. So, it also results in wastage of addresses<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
    3. A block in class C may be too small<\/strong> to fulfil the addresses requirement<\/strong> of an organization.<\/li>\n
    4. Each address in class D defines a group of hosts. Hosts need to multicast<\/strong> the address. So, the addresses are wasted here too.<\/li>\n
    5. Addresses of class E are reserved for the future purpose<\/strong> which is also wastage of addresses.<\/li>\n
    6. The main issue here is; we are not assigning<\/strong> addresses according to user requirements<\/strong>. We directly assign a block of a fixed size<\/strong> which has a fixed number of addresses<\/strong> which leads to wastage of address.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      <\/a><\/p>\n

      Subnetting and Supernetting<\/h3>\n

      To overcome the flaws of classful addressing, these two solutions were introduced to compensate for the wastage of addresses. Let us discuss them one by one.<\/p>\n

      Subnetting<\/h4>\n

      As class blocks of A & B are too large for any organization. So, they can divide<\/strong> their large network in the smaller subnetwork<\/strong> and share<\/strong> them with other organizations. This whole concept is subnetting<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

      Supernetting<\/h4>\n

      As the blocks in class A and B were almost consumed so, new organizations consider class C. But, the block of class C is too small then the requirement of the organization. In this case, the solution which came out is supernetting which grants to join the blocks of class C<\/strong> to form a larger block<\/strong> which satisfies the address requirement of the organization.
      \n      <\/a><\/p>\n

      \n

      Key Takeaways:<\/h3>\n
        \n
      • The IPv4 has 32-bit<\/strong> addresses. The total address space<\/strong> of IPv4is 232<\/sup>=4,294,967,296<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
      • IPv4 divides<\/strong> the address space into 5 classes A, B, C, D, & E<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
      • The IPv4 addresses of class A, B and C are divide net id<\/strong> and host id<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
      • The total addresses<\/strong> in class A are 2,147,483,648<\/strong> which are divided into 128 blocks and each block has 16,777,216 addresses<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
      • The total addresses<\/strong> in class B are 1,073,741,824<\/strong> which are divided into 16,384 blocks<\/strong> and each block has 65,536 addresses<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
      • The total addresses<\/strong> in class C are 536,870,912<\/strong> which are divided into 2,097,152 blocks<\/strong> and each block has 256 addresses<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
      • The total addresses<\/strong> in class D, are 268,435,456<\/strong> where each address defines a group of hosts. Here, the host has to multicast<\/strong> the address.<\/li>\n
      • The total addresses<\/strong> in class E are 268,435,456<\/strong> and they are preserved for future purposes<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
      • The main flaw of classful addressing is the wastage of addresses<\/strong> due to the fixed size of blocks<\/strong> having a fixed number of addresses<\/strong> in it.<\/li>\n
      • Subnetting<\/strong> and supernetting<\/strong> were a solution to the flaws of classful addressing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n

        So, this was all about the classful addressing, this addressing leads to wastage of addresses. Subnetting and supernetting also failed in resolving the problem as they make the routing of packets more difficult. So, classless addressing<\/strong> was introduced to cope up with the failure of classful addressing.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Classful addressing is a concept that divides the available address space of IPv4 into five classes namely A, B, C, D & E. Nowadays, this concept has become obsolete and has been replaced with classless addressing. IP addresses, before 1993 use the classful addressing where classes have a fixed number of blocks and each block […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-911","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-computer-networks","7":"entry"},"yoast_head":"\nWhat is Classful Addressing in IPv4? 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Subnetting, Supernetting & Disadvantages - Binary Terms","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/binaryterms.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/binaryterms.com\/classful-addressing-in-ipv4.html#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/binaryterms.com\/classful-addressing-in-ipv4.html#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/binaryterms.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/IPv4-address.jpg","datePublished":"2019-12-24T11:06:18+00:00","dateModified":"2021-09-21T10:01:55+00:00","description":"Classful addressing is a concept that divides the available address space of IPv4 into five classes namely A, B, C, D & E. Nowadays, this concept has become obsolete and has been replaced with classless addressing. 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