Shoelace Theorem

The Shoelace Theorem is a nifty formula for finding the area of a simple polygon given the coordinates of its vertices.

Theorem

Suppose the polygon $P$ has vertices $(x_1, y_1)$ , $(x_2, y_2)$ , ... , $(x_n, y_n)$ , listed in clockwise order. Then the area ( $A$ ) of $P$ is

$A = \dfrac{1}{2} \left|(x_1y_2 + x_2y_3 + \cdots + x_ny_1) - (y_1x_2 + y_2x_3 + \cdots + y_nx_1) \right|$

You can also go counterclockwise order, as long as you find the absolute value of the answer.

The Shoelace Theorem gets its name because if one lists the coordinates in a column, $\begin{align*} (x_1 &, y_1) \\ (x_2 &, y_2) \\ & \vdots \\ (x_n &, y_n) \\ (x_1 &, y_1) \\ \end{align*}$ and marks the pairs of coordinates to be multiplied, $[asy] unitsize(1cm); string[] subscripts={"$1$","$2$"," ","$n$","$1$"}; for(int i=1; i < 6; ++i) { label(i==3 ? "$\vdots$" : "$x$",(0,-i*.7)); label(i==3 ? "$\vdots$" : "$y$",(1.2,-i*.7)); label(subscripts[i-1],(0,-i*.7),SE,fontsize(9pt)); label(subscripts[i-1],(1.2,-i*.7),SE,fontsize(9pt)); } for(int i=1; i<5; ++i) draw((0.3,-i*.7)--(1,-(i+1)*.7)); pair c=(1.2,0); label("$-$",shift(c)*(1.2,-2.1)); label("$A=\frac12$",shift(-c)*(0,-2.1)); draw(shift(-1/3*c)*((0,-.5)--(0,-3.9))); draw(shift(13/3*c)*((0,-.5)--(0,-3.9))); for(int i=1; i < 6; ++i) { label(i==3 ? "$\vdots$" : "$x$",shift(3*c)*(0,-i*.7)); label(i==3 ? "$\vdots$" : "$y$",shift(3*c)*(1.2,-i*.7)); label(subscripts[i-1],shift(3*c)*(0,-i*.7),SE,fontsize(9pt)); label(subscripts[i-1],shift(3*c)*(1.2,-i*.7),SE,fontsize(9pt)); } for(int i=1; i<5; ++i) draw(shift(3*c)*(0.3,-(i+1)*.7)--shift(3*c)*(1,-i*.7)); [/asy]$ the resulting image looks like laced-up shoes.

Other Forms

This can also be written in form of a summation $A = \dfrac{1}{2} \left|\sum_{i=1}^n{(x_{i}y_{i+1}-x_{i+1}y_i)}\right|$ or in terms of determinants as $A = \dfrac{1}{2} \left|\sum_{i=1}^n{\det\begin{pmatrix}x_i&x_{i+1}\\y_i&y_{i+1}\end{pmatrix}}\right|$ which is useful in the $3D$ variant of the Shoelace theorem. Note here that $x_{n+1} = x_1$ and $y_{n+1} = y_1$ .

The formula may also be considered a special case of Green's Theorem

$\tilde{A}=\int \int \left(\frac{\partial M}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial L}{\partial y}\right)dxdy=\oint(Ldx+Mdy)$

where $L=-y$ and $M=0$ so $\tilde{A}=A$ .

Proof 1

Claim 1: The area of a triangle with coordinates $A(x_1, y_1)$ , $B(x_2, y_2)$ , and $C(x_3, y_3)$ is $\frac{|x_1y_2+x_2y_3+x_3y_1-x_1y_3-x_2y_1-x_3y_2|}{2}$ .

Proof of claim 1:

Writing the coordinates in 3D and translating $\triangle ABC$ so that $A=(0, 0, 0)$ we get the new coordinates $A'(0, 0, 0)$ , $B(x_2-x_1, y_2-y_1, 0)$ , and $C(x_3-x_1, y_3-y_1, 0)$ . Now if we let $\vec{b}=(x_2-x_1 \quad y_2-y_1 \quad 0)$ and $\vec{c}=(x_3-x_1 \quad y_3-y_1 \quad 0)$ then by definition of the cross product $[ABC]=\frac{||\vec{b} \times \vec{c}||}{2}=\frac{1}{2}||(0 \quad 0 \quad x_1y_2+x_2y_3+x_3y_1-x_1y_3-x_2y_1-x_3y_2)||=\frac{x_1y_2+x_2y_3+x_3y_1-x_1y_3-x_2y_1-x_3y_2}{2}$ .

)

Proof:

We will proceed with induction.

By claim 1, the shoelace theorem holds for any triangle. We will show that if it is true for some polygon $A_1A_2A_3...A_n$ then it is also true for $A_1A_2A_3...A_nA_{n+1}$ .

We cut $A_1A_2A_3...A_nA_{n+1}$ into two polygons, $A_1A_2A_3...A_n$ and $A_1A_nA_{n+1}$ . Let the coordinates of point $A_i$ be $(x_i, y_i)$ . Then, applying the shoelace theorem on $A_1A_2A_3...A_n$ and $A_1A_nA_{n+1}$ we get

$[A_1A_2A_3...A_n]=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^{n}(x_iy_{i+1}-x_{i+1}y_i)$ $[A_1A_nA_{n+1}]=\frac{1}{2}(x_1y_2+x_2y_3+x_3y_1-x_1y_3-x_2y_1-x_3y_2)$

Hence

$[A_1A_2A_3...A_nA_{n+1}]=[A_1A_2A_3...A_n]+[A_1A_nA_{n+1}]=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^{n}(x_iy_{i+1}-x_{i+1}y_i)+\frac{1}{2}(x_1y_2+x_2y_3+x_3y_1-x_1y_3-x_2y_1-x_3y_2)$ $=\frac{1}{2}((x_2y_1+x_3y_2+...+x_{n+1}y_n+x_1y_{n+1})-(x_1y_2+x_2y_3+...+x_ny_{n+1}+x_{n+1}y_1))=\boxed{\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^n(x_iy_{i+1}-x_{i+1}y_i)}$

as claimed.

~ShreyJ

Proof 2

Let $\Omega$ be the set of points belonging to the polygon. We have that $A=\int_{\Omega}\alpha,$ where $\alpha=dx\wedge dy$ . The volume form $\alpha$ is an exact form since $d\omega=\alpha$ , where $\omega=\frac{x\,dy}{2}-\frac{y\,dx}{2}.\label{omega}$ Using this substitution, we have $\int_{\Omega}\alpha=\int_{\Omega}d\omega.$ Next, we use the Theorem of Stokes to obtain $\int_{\Omega}d\omega=\int_{\partial\Omega}\omega.$ We can write $\partial \Omega=\bigcup A(i)$ , where $A(i)$ is the line segment from $(x_i,y_i)$ to $(x_{i+1},y_{i+1})$ . With this notation, we may write $\int_{\partial\Omega}\omega=\sum_{i=1}^n\int_{A(i)}\omega.$ If we substitute for $\omega$ , we obtain $\sum_{i=1}^n\int_{A(i)}\omega=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^n\int_{A(i)}{x\,dy}-{y\,dx}.$ If we parameterize, we get $\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^n\int_0^1{(x_i+(x_{i+1}-x_i)t)(y_{i+1}-y_i)}-{(y_i+(y_{i+1}-y_i)t)(x_{i+1}-x_i)\,dt}.$ Performing the integration, we get $\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^n\frac{1}{2}[(x_i+x_{i+1})(y_{i+1}-y_i)- (y_{i}+y_{i+1})(x_{i+1}-x_i)].$ More algebra yields the result $\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^n(x_iy_{i+1}-x_{i+1}y_i).$

Proof 3

This is a very nice approach that directly helps in understanding the sum as terms which are areas of trapezoids.

The proof is in this book: https://cses.fi/book/book.pdf#page=281

(The only thing that needs to be slightly modified is that one must shift the entire polygon up by k, until all the y coordinates are positive, but this term gets canceled in the resulting sum.)

Proof 4

Another way to think about this intuitively is to look at each term. For every $\frac{1}{2} (x_i y_{i+1} - y_i x_{i+1})$ we have, that's just half the magnitude of the cross product of $(x_i, y_i)$ and $(x_{i+1}, y_{i+1})$ , which is the area of the triangle formed by those two respective vectors (this can be thought of as half the determinant of the matrix formed by those two vectors, since the cross product's magnitude is just the area of the parallelogram formed by the vectors). The sign indicates if the points are clockwise or counterclockwise, which is why we add them all before the absolute value. So, we can think of the Shoelace Theorem as just being the sum of the areas of each triangle formed by consecutive vertices and the origin.

Note: Feel free to correct any of the explanations in case they are unclear or inaccurately described.

~vaishnav

Problems

Introductory

In right triangle $ABC$ , we have $\angle ACB=90^{\circ}$ , $AC=2$ , and $BC=3$ . Medians $AD$ and $BE$ are drawn to sides $BC$ and $AC$ , respectively. $AD$ and $BE$ intersect at point $F$ . Find the area of $\triangle ABF$ .

Exploratory

Observe that $\frac12\left|\det\begin{pmatrix} x_1 & y_1\\ x_2 & y_2 \end{pmatrix}\right|$ is the area of a triangle with vertices $(x_1,y_1),(x_2,y_2),(0,0)$ and $\frac16\left|\det\begin{pmatrix} x_1 & y_1 & z_1\\ x_2 & y_2 & z_2\\ x_3 & y_3 & z_3 \end{pmatrix}\right|$ is the volume of a tetrahedron with vertices $(x_1, y_1, z_1), (x_2, y_2, z_2),(x_3, y_3, z_3),(0,0,0)$ . Does a similar formula hold for $n$ Dimensional triangles for any $n$ ? If so how can we use this to derive the $n$ D Shoelace Formula?

External Links

A good explanation and exploration into why the theorem works by James Tanton: [1]

Nice geometric approach and discussion for proving the 3D Shoelace Theorem by Nicholas Patrick and Nadya Pramita: [2]

Nice integral approach for proving the 3D Shoelace Theorem (ignoring sign of volume) by @george2079: [3] AOPS

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