{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409412321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/network5020013","title":"Design and Analysis of an Effective Architecture for Machine Learning Based Intrusion Detection Systems","display_name":"Design and Analysis of an Effective Architecture for Machine Learning Based Intrusion Detection Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409412321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/network5020013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/network5020013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/network5020013","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8732/5/2/13/pdf?version=1744631867","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214347","display_name":"Network","issn_l":"2673-8732","issn":["2673-8732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8732/5/2/13/pdf?version=1744631867","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078339201","display_name":"Noora Alromaihi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106663880","display_name":"University of Bahrain","ror":"https://ror.org/0317ekv86","country_code":"BH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106663880"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8541234","display_name":"University College of Bahrain","ror":"https://ror.org/00m2z1b30","country_code":"BH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8541234"]}],"countries":["BH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Noora Alromaihi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, University of Bahrain, Manama 32038, Bahrain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, University of Bahrain, Manama 32038, Bahrain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8541234","https://openalex.org/I106663880"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080193996","display_name":"Mohsen Rouached","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8635-5239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106663880","display_name":"University of Bahrain","ror":"https://ror.org/0317ekv86","country_code":"BH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106663880"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8541234","display_name":"University College of Bahrain","ror":"https://ror.org/00m2z1b30","country_code":"BH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8541234"]}],"countries":["BH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Rouached","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, University of Bahrain, Manama 32038, Bahrain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8635-5239","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, University of Bahrain, Manama 32038, Bahrain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8541234","https://openalex.org/I106663880"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066427180","display_name":"Aymen Akremi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1781-2908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aymen Akremi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing, Umm Al-Qura University (UQU), Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1781-2908","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Umm Al-Qura University (UQU), Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078339201"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106663880","https://openalex.org/I8541234"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1082},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1082},"fwci":6.7583,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96509819,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"2","first_page":"13","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6986632347106934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6780157685279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.573035478591919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.49160653352737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.477030485868454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6986632347106934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6780157685279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.573035478591919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.49160653352737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.477030485868454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/network5020013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/network5020013","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8732/5/2/13/pdf?version=1744631867","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214347","display_name":"Network","issn_l":"2673-8732","issn":["2673-8732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4763792f281d4447a3652d6db728e9a2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4763792f281d4447a3652d6db728e9a2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Network, Vol 5, Iss 2, p 13 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/network5020013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/network5020013","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8732/5/2/13/pdf?version=1744631867","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214347","display_name":"Network","issn_l":"2673-8732","issn":["2673-8732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324047","display_name":"Umm Al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409412321.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409412321.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982130477","https://openalex.org/W2803153368","https://openalex.org/W2954994183","https://openalex.org/W2991140181","https://openalex.org/W2994950844","https://openalex.org/W3006005697","https://openalex.org/W3034413267","https://openalex.org/W3081430061","https://openalex.org/W3082729101","https://openalex.org/W3097281673","https://openalex.org/W3097538986","https://openalex.org/W3113682753","https://openalex.org/W3116286104","https://openalex.org/W3118406530","https://openalex.org/W3121500339","https://openalex.org/W3124336991","https://openalex.org/W3126430657","https://openalex.org/W3135028703","https://openalex.org/W3139482648","https://openalex.org/W3143254051","https://openalex.org/W3143452837","https://openalex.org/W3158456479","https://openalex.org/W3161694586","https://openalex.org/W3165574415","https://openalex.org/W3175585239","https://openalex.org/W3179147591","https://openalex.org/W3179240416","https://openalex.org/W3184839167","https://openalex.org/W3188054809","https://openalex.org/W3194929774","https://openalex.org/W3203381513","https://openalex.org/W3209877123","https://openalex.org/W3211279516","https://openalex.org/W3217755988","https://openalex.org/W4200116821","https://openalex.org/W4205737724","https://openalex.org/W4210743106","https://openalex.org/W4210814081","https://openalex.org/W4220957574","https://openalex.org/W4280532048","https://openalex.org/W4280604235","https://openalex.org/W4282599181","https://openalex.org/W4283593236","https://openalex.org/W4288468519","https://openalex.org/W4289229272","https://openalex.org/W4290694824","https://openalex.org/W4292411716","https://openalex.org/W4292506131","https://openalex.org/W4296312524","https://openalex.org/W4297538900","https://openalex.org/W4308328479","https://openalex.org/W4308346288","https://openalex.org/W4311403927","https://openalex.org/W4312901050","https://openalex.org/W4313142115","https://openalex.org/W4313404034","https://openalex.org/W4313891707","https://openalex.org/W4323034524","https://openalex.org/W4323362877","https://openalex.org/W4362703719","https://openalex.org/W4365513113","https://openalex.org/W4384564296","https://openalex.org/W4387414936","https://openalex.org/W6792852130","https://openalex.org/W6801070237","https://openalex.org/W6803612677","https://openalex.org/W6807841375","https://openalex.org/W6829084240","https://openalex.org/W6841823096","https://openalex.org/W6846933350"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,143,156,176,189],"increase":[1],"in":[2,38,162,203],"new":[3],"cyber":[4],"threats":[5],"is":[6,33,53,72,114],"the":[7,10,15,21,82,119,123,127,131,137,140,180,186,204],"result":[8],"of":[9,13,23,84,183],"rapid":[11,163],"growth":[12],"using":[14,130,149],"Internet,":[16],"thus":[17,80],"raising":[18],"questions":[19],"about":[20],"effectiveness":[22,83],"traditional":[24,47],"Intrusion":[25],"Detection":[26],"Systems":[27],"(IDSs).":[28],"Machine":[29],"learning":[30],"(ML)":[31],"technology":[32],"used":[34],"to":[35,67,92,100,116,139],"enhance":[36],"cybersecurity":[37],"general":[39],"and":[40,134,154,168,195],"especially":[41],"for":[42],"reactive":[43],"approaches,":[44],"such":[45],"as":[46,77],"IDSs.":[48],"In":[49,86],"several":[50],"instances,":[51],"it":[52],"seen":[54],"that":[55],"a":[56,94],"single":[57],"assailant":[58],"may":[59],"direct":[60],"their":[61],"efforts":[62],"towards":[63],"different":[64,106],"servers":[65],"belonging":[66],"an":[68],"organization.":[69],"This":[70],"behavior":[71],"often":[73],"perceived":[74],"by":[75,105,129,148],"IDSs":[76],"infrequent":[78],"attacks,":[79],"diminishing":[81],"detection.":[85],"this":[87,89],"context,":[88],"paper":[90],"aims":[91],"create":[93],"machine":[95],"learning-based":[96],"IDS":[97,145,191],"model":[98,158,178],"able":[99],"detect":[101],"malicious":[102],"traffic":[103,121,128,138],"received":[104],"organizational":[107],"network":[108],"interfaces.":[109],"A":[110],"centralized":[111],"proxy":[112],"server":[113],"designed":[115],"receive":[117],"all":[118],"incoming":[120],"at":[122],"organization\u2019s":[124],"servers,":[125],"scan":[126],"proposed":[132,144],"IDS,":[133],"then":[135],"redirect":[136],"requested":[141],"server.":[142],"was":[146],"evaluated":[147,187],"three":[150],"datasets:":[151],"CIC-MalMem-2022,":[152],"CIC-IDS-2018,":[153],"CIC-IDS-2017.":[155],"XGBoost":[157],"showed":[159],"exceptional":[160],"performance":[161],"detection,":[164],"achieving":[165],"99.96%,":[166],"99.73%,":[167],"99.84%":[169],"accuracy":[170,184,194],"rates":[171],"within":[172],"short":[173],"time":[174,197],"intervals.":[175],"Stacking":[177],"achieved":[179],"highest":[181],"level":[182],"among":[185],"models.":[188],"developed":[190],"demonstrated":[192],"superior":[193],"detection":[196],"outcomes":[198],"compared":[199],"with":[200],"previous":[201],"research":[202],"field.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}