{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T19:22:58Z","timestamp":1773084178844,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,13]],"date-time":"2009-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1231804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The most important issue that must be solved in designing a data gathering algorithm for wireless sensor networks (WSNS) is how to save sensor node energy while meeting the needs of applications\/users. In this paper, we propose a novel energy-aware routing protocol (EAP) for a long-lived sensor network. EAP achieves a good performance in terms of lifetime by minimizing energy consumption for in-network communications and balancing the energy load among all the nodes. EAP introduces a new clustering parameter for cluster head election, which can better handle the heterogeneous energy capacities. Furthermore, it also introduces a simple but efficient approach, namely, intra-cluster coverage to cope with the area coverage problem. We use a simple temperature sensing application to evaluate the performance of EAP and results show that our protocol significantly outperforms LEACH and HEED in terms of network lifetime and the amount of data gathered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s90100445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,13]],"date-time":"2009-01-13T11:20:38Z","timestamp":1231845638000},"page":"445-462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["An Energy-Aware Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ming","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P.R. China"}]},{"given":"Jiannong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P.R. China"}]},{"given":"Guihai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P.R. China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Estrin, D., Girod, L., and Pottie, G. (, January May). ivastava, M. Instrumenting the World with Wireless Sensor Networks. Salt Lake City, Utah."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1145\/332833.332838","article-title":"Wireless Integrated Network Sensors","volume":"43","author":"Pottie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Heinzelman, W.R., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H. (, January Jan). 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(, January September). Analysis on the redundancy of wireless sensor networks. San Diego, CA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1360\/jos162106","article-title":"A Distributed Energy-Efficient data Gathering and aggregation Protocol for Wireless sensor networks","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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