{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T10:35:52Z","timestamp":1763202952979,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52275340","52375340","52305193","BY20231156","1062932217","FZ2023110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52275340","52375340","52305193","BY20231156","1062932217","FZ2023110"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Industry-University-Research Cooperation","award":["52275340","52375340","52305193","BY20231156","1062932217","FZ2023110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52275340","52375340","52305193","BY20231156","1062932217","FZ2023110"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Research Start-up","award":["52275340","52375340","52305193","BY20231156","1062932217","FZ2023110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52275340","52375340","52305193","BY20231156","1062932217","FZ2023110"]}]},{"name":"Zhenjiang Social Development Guiding Science and Technology Plan","award":["52275340","52375340","52305193","BY20231156","1062932217","FZ2023110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52275340","52375340","52305193","BY20231156","1062932217","FZ2023110"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To enhance the synchronous detection of the horizontal and vertical positions of the torch in swing arc narrow gap welding, a torch pose detection (TPD) method is proposed. This approach utilizes passive visual sensing to capture images of the arc on the groove sidewall, using advanced image processing methods to extract and fit the arc contour. The coordinates of the arc contour center point and the highest point are determined through the arc contour fitting line. The torch center position is calculated from the average horizontal coordinates of the arc contour centers in adjacent welding images, while the height position is determined from the vertical coordinate of the arc\u2019s highest point. Experimental validation in both variable and constant groove welding conditions demonstrated the TPD method\u2019s accuracy within 0.32 mm for detecting the torch center position. This method eliminates the need to construct the wire centerline, which was a requirement in previous approaches, thereby reducing the impact of wire straightness on detection accuracy. The proposed TPD method successfully achieves simultaneous detection of the torch center and height positions, laying the foundation for intelligent detection and adaptive control in swing arc narrow gap welding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24154996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T09:34:17Z","timestamp":1722591257000},"page":"4996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Passive Vision Detection of Torch Pose in Swing Arc Narrow Gap Welding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6645-0763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Na","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China"}]},{"given":"Haojin","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China"}]},{"given":"Liyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China"}]},{"given":"Jiayou","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}]},{"given":"Youmin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kunshan Huaheng Welding Co., Ltd., Kunshan 215300, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.52.110","article-title":"A swing arc system for narrow gap GMA welding","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2023.118004","article-title":"Development of swing arc narrow gap GMAW process assisted by swaying wire","volume":"318","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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