{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T20:27:08Z","timestamp":1769200028341,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research"},{"name":"University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d and TIM SpA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Growing evidence suggests that respiratory frequency (fR) is a valid marker of effort during high-intensity exercise, including sports of an intermittent nature, like soccer. However, very few attempts have been made so far to monitor fR in soccer with unobtrusive devices. This study assessed the validity of three strain-based commercial wearable devices measuring fR during soccer-specific movements. On two separate visits to the soccer pitch, 15 players performed a 30 min validation protocol wearing either a ComfTech\u00ae (CT) vest or a BioharnessTM (BH) 3.0 strap and a Tyme WearTM (TW) vest. fR was extracted from the respiratory waveform of the three commercial devices with custom-made algorithms and compared with that recorded with a reference face mask. The fR time course of the commercial devices generally resembled that of the reference system. The mean absolute percentage error was, on average, 7.03% for CT, 8.65% for TW, and 14.60% for BH for the breath-by-breath comparison and 1.85% for CT, 3.27% for TW, and 7.30% for BH when comparison with the reference system was made in 30 s windows. Despite the challenging measurement scenario, our findings show that some of the currently available wearable sensors are indeed suitable to unobtrusively measure fR in soccer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24144571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T14:15:49Z","timestamp":1721052949000},"page":"4571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Breathing Monitoring in Soccer: Part I\u2014Validity of Commercial Wearable Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6893-1907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Innocenti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3525-0213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5237-9247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9234-9741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Nuccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5556-7536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Bellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4289-9301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Mari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5863-8336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Silvestri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9696-1265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Schena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5365-5161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Sacchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3090-5623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Massaroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4716-1667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Nicol\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandorino, M., Tessitore, A., and Lacome, M. 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