{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:14:18Z","timestamp":1760145258144,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFB3903202","XDA28050102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3903202","XDA28050102"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2022YFB3903202","XDA28050102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3903202","XDA28050102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperspectral detection of the change rate of organic matter content in agricultural remote sensing requires a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). However, due to the large number and efficiency limitation of the components, it is difficult to improve the SNR. This study uses high-efficiency convex grating with a diffraction efficiency exceeding 50% across the 360\u2013850 nm range, a back-illuminated Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) detector with a 95% efficiency in peak wavelength, and silver-coated mirrors to develop an imaging spectrometer for detecting soil organic matter (SOM). The designed system meets the spectral resolution of 10 nm in the 360\u2013850 nm range and achieves a swath of 100 km and a spatial resolution of 100 m at an orbital height of 648.2 km. This study also uses the basic structure of Offner with fewer components in the design and sets the mirrors of the Offner structure to have the same sphere, which can achieve the rapid adjustment of the co-standard. This study performs a theoretical analysis of the developed Offner imaging spectrometer based on the classical Rowland circular structure, with a 21.8 mm slit length; simulates its capacity for suppressing the +2nd-order diffraction stray light with the filter; and analyzes the imaging quality after meeting the tolerance requirements, which is combined with the surface shape characteristics of the high-efficiency grating. After this test, the grating has a diffraction efficiency above 50%, and the silver-coated mirrors have a reflection value above 95% on average. Finally, the laboratory tests show that the SNR over the waveband exceeds 300 and reaches 800 at 550 nm, which is higher than some current instruments in orbit for soil observation. The proposed imaging spectrometer has a spectral resolution of 10 nm, and its modulation transfer function (MTF) is greater than 0.23 at the Nyquist frequency, making it suitable for remote sensing observation of SOM change rate. The manufacture of such a high-efficiency broadband grating and the development of the proposed instrument with high energy transmission efficiency can provide a feasible technical solution for observing faint targets with a high SNR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T09:01:19Z","timestamp":1720429279000},"page":"4385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of an Imaging Spectrometer with a High Signal-to-Noise Ratio Based on High Energy Transmission Efficiency for Soil Organic Matter Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jize","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]},{"given":"Guochao","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4291-0729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]},{"given":"Hanshuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]},{"given":"Denghui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Microsatellites, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200100, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2022.2026743","article-title":"Evaluation of Landsat 8 image pansharpening in estimating soil organic matter using multiple linear regression and artificial neural networks","volume":"25","author":"Bouasria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geo-Spat. 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