{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T21:17:35Z","timestamp":1762377455831,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61773283","2018YFC0808600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61773283","2018YFC0808600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["61773283","2018YFC0808600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61773283","2018YFC0808600"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and X-ray computed tomography (CT), ultrasound imaging is safer, faster, and more widely applicable. However, the use of conventional ultrasound in transcranial brain imaging for adults is predominantly hindered by the high acoustic impedance contrast between the skull and soft tissue. This study introduces a 3D AI algorithm, Brain Imaging Full Convolution Network (BIFCN), combining waveform modeling and deep learning for precise brain ultrasound reconstruction. We constructed a network comprising one input layer, four convolution layers, and one pooling layer to train our algorithm. In the simulation experiment, the Pearson correlation coefficient between the reconstructed and true images was exceptionally high. In the laboratory, the results showed a slightly lower but still impressive coincidence degree for 3D reconstruction, with pure water serving as the initial model and no prior information required. The 3D network can be trained in 8 h, and 10 samples can be reconstructed in just 12.67 s. The proposed 3D BIFCN algorithm provides a highly accurate and efficient solution for mapping wavefield frequency domain data to 3D brain models, enabling fast and precise brain tissue imaging. Moreover, the frequency shift phenomenon of blood may become a hallmark of BIFCN learning, offering valuable quantitative information for whole-brain blood imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T12:51:04Z","timestamp":1696855864000},"page":"8341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["3D Ultrasonic Brain Imaging with Deep Learning Based on Fully Convolutional Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6196-7739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaocen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Junkai","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schlumberger-Doll Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}]},{"given":"Mengying","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"International Institute for Innovative Design and Intelligent Manufacturing of Tianjin University in Zhejiang, Shaoxing 330100, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0254-8","article-title":"7 Tesla MRI of the ex vivo human brain at 100 micron resolution","volume":"6","author":"Edlow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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