{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T20:27:24Z","timestamp":1777062444104,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing challenges of agricultural processes and the growing demand for food globally are driving the industrial agriculture sector to adopt the concept of \u2018smart farming\u2019. Smart farming systems, with their real-time management and high level of automation, can greatly improve productivity, food safety, and efficiency in the agri-food supply chain. This paper presents a customized smart farming system that uses a low-cost, low-power, and wide-range wireless sensor network based on Internet of Things (IoT) and Long Range (LoRa) technologies. In this system, LoRa connectivity is integrated with existing Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), which are commonly used in industry and farming to control multiple processes, devices, and machinery through the Simatic IOT2040. The system also includes a newly developed web-based monitoring application hosted on a cloud server, which processes data collected from the farm environment and allows for remote visualization and control of all connected devices. A Telegram bot is included for automated communication with users through this mobile messaging app. The proposed network structure has been tested, and the path loss in the wireless LoRa is evaluated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T03:06:43Z","timestamp":1677726403000},"page":"2725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["A Smart Agricultural System Based on PLC and a Cloud Computing Web Application Using LoRa and LoRaWan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3412-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Saban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, SIGL-Lab, ENSA, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tetouan 93153, Morocco"},{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, ETSE, University Valencia, Av. Universitat, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0364-0938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostapha","family":"Bekkour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, SIGL-Lab, ENSA, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tetouan 93153, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6578-012X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibtisam","family":"Amdaouch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, SIGL-Lab, ENSA, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tetouan 93153, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8180-3398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaouad","family":"El Gueri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, SIGL-Lab, ENSA, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tetouan 93153, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2858-8649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Badiaa","family":"Ait Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, SIGL-Lab, ENSA, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tetouan 93153, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8770-9420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Zied","family":"Chaari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qatar Scientific Club, Fabrication Lab, Doha 9769, Qatar"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3545-2328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Ruiz-Alzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Se\u00f1ales y Comunicaciones, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0429-0573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Rosado-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, ETSE, University Valencia, Av. Universitat, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9097-8069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Otman","family":"Aghzout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, SIGL-Lab, ENSA, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tetouan 93153, Morocco"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2018.07.020","article-title":"The future of manufacturing: A new perspective","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2018.05.009","article-title":"Sustainable Industry 4.0 framework: A systematic literature review identifying the current trends and future perspectives","volume":"117","author":"Kamble","year":"2018","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saban, M., Aghzout, O., and Rosado-Mu\u00f1oz, A. (2022, January 7\u20139). Deployment of a LoRa-based Network and Web Monitoring Application for a Smart Farm. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 & IoT (MetroInd4.0&IoT), Trento, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroInd4.0IoT54413.2022.9831521"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardillo, E., and Caddemi, A. (2019, January 4\u20136). Feasibility study to preserve the health of an industry 4.0 worker: A radar system for monitoring the sitting-time. Proceedings of the 2019 II Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 and IoT (MetroInd4. 0&IoT), Naples, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/METROI4.2019.8792905"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2843169","article-title":"An edge-based architecture to support efficient applications for healthcare industry 4.0","volume":"15","author":"Pace","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Infor."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varandas, L., Faria, J., Gaspar, P.D., and Aguiar, M.L. (2020). Low-cost IoT remote sensor mesh for large-scale orchard monitorization. J. Sens. Actuator Netw., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan9030044"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"838","article-title":"IoT based smart agriculture","volume":"5","author":"Gondchawar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Commun. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Iborra, R., and Cano, M.D. (2016). State of the art in LP-WAN solutions for industrial IoT services. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050708"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5296\/npa.v10i1.12798","article-title":"Wireless technologies for IoT in smart cities","volume":"10","author":"Abdullah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Netw. Protoc. Algorithms"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ingabire, W., Larijani, H., Gibson, R.M., and Qureshi, A.U.H. (2021). Outdoor Node Localization Using Random Neural Networks for Large-Scale Urban IoT LoRa Networks. Algorithms, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/a14110307"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Placidi, P., Morbidelli, R., Fortunati, D., Papini, N., Gobbi, F., and Scorzoni, A. (2021). Monitoring soil and ambient parameters in the iot precision agriculture scenario: An original modeling approach dedicated to low-cost soil water content sensors. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155110"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17539","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3033526","article-title":"Smart irrigation system for precision agriculture\u2014The AREThOU5A IoT platform","volume":"21","author":"Boursianis","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behjati, M., Mohd Noh, A.B., Alobaidy, H.A., Zulkifley, M.A., Nordin, R., and Abdullah, N.F. (2021). LoRa communications as an enabler for internet of drones towards large-scale livestock monitoring in rural farms. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155044"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.18196\/jrc.v3i3.13760","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Current Trends in Artificial Intelligence for Smart Farming to Enhance Crop Yield","volume":"3","author":"Widianto","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Robot. Control. (JRC)"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, X., Waimin, J.F., Jiang, H., Mousoulis, C., Raghunathan, N., Rahimi, R., and Peroulis, D. (2019, January 11\u201313). Wireless Sensor Network Utilizing Flexible Nitrate Sensors for Smart Farming. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Sensors, Sophia Antipolis, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/SENSORS43011.2019.8956915"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, H.W., Kim, D.J., Lee, M., Weon, C., and Smith, A. (September, January 31). L & M Farm: A Smart Farm based on LoRa & MQTT. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Omni-Layer Intelligent Systems (COINS), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/COINS49042.2020.9191387"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escolar, S., Rinc\u00f3n, F., del Toro, X., Barba, J., Villanueva, F.J., Santofimia, M.J., Villa, D., and L\u00f3pez, J.C. (2019, January 20\u201322). The PLATINO Experience: A LoRa-based Network of Energy-Harvesting Devices for Smart Farming. Proceedings of the 2019 XXXIV Conference on Design of Circuits and Integrated Systems (DCIS), Bilbao, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/DCIS201949030.2019.8959848"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kodali, R.K., Kuthada, M.S., and Yogi Borra, Y.K. (2018, January 14\u201315). LoRa Based Smart Irrigation System. Proceedings of the 2018 4th International Conference on Computing Communication and Automation (ICCCA), Greater Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCAA.2018.8777583"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105287","article-title":"IoT-based adaptive network mechanism for reliable smart farm system","volume":"170","author":"Ramli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Vangelista12, L., Zanella, A., and Zorzi12, M. (2015, January 23\u201325). Long-range IoT technologies: The dawn of LoRa TM. Proceedings of the 2015 1st EAI International Conference on Future Access Enablers of Ubiquitous and Intelligent Infrastructures (EAI), Ohrid, North Macedonia."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guibene, W., Nowack, J., Chalikias, N., Fitzgibbon, K., Kelly, M., and Prendergast, D. (2017, January 19\u201322). Evaluation of LPWAN technologies for smart cities: River monitoring use-case. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNCW.2017.7919089"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saban, M., Aghzout, O., Medus, L.D., and Rosado, A. (2021, January 5\u20137). Experimental Analysis of IoT Networks Based on LoRa\/LoRaWAN under Indoor and Outdoor Environments: Performance and Limitations. Proceedings of the 4th IFAC Conference on Embedded Systems, Computational Intelligence and Telematics in Control CESCIT 2021, Valenciennes, France. IFAC-PapersOnLine.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2021.10.027"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25409","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3196740","article-title":"Sensing Wood Moisture in Heritage and Wooden Buildings: A New Sensing Unit with an Integrated LoRa-based Monitoring System","volume":"9","author":"Saban","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"3159","article-title":"An intelligent algorithm for resource sharing and self-management of wireless-IoT-gateway","volume":"8","author":"Taha","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Siemens (2022, November 10). SIMATIC IOT2000. Available online: https:\/\/new.siemens.com\/global\/en\/products\/automation\/pc-based\/iot-gateways\/iot2000.html."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"API, T.B. (2022, December 29). Telegram Bot SDK. Available online: https:\/\/telegram-bot-sdk.readme.io\/docs."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barro, P.A., Zennaro, M., and Pietrosemoli, E. (2019, January 24\u201326). TLTN\u2014The local things network: On the design of a LoRaWAN gateway with autonomous servers for disconnected communities. Proceedings of the 2019 Wireless Days (WD), Manchester, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/WD.2019.8734239"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3017044","article-title":"LoRa System for Search and Rescue: Path-Loss Models and Procedures in Mountain Scenarios","volume":"8","author":"Bianco","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ameloot, T., Van Torre, P., and Rogier, H. (2019, January 9\u201313). Indoor body-to-body LoRa link characterization. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE-APS Topical Conference on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications (APWC), Granada, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/APWC.2019.8870451"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojcicki, P., Zientarski, T., Charytanowicz, M., and Lukasik, E. (2021). Estimation of the Path-Loss Exponent by Bayesian Filtering Method. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21061934"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3664","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3230505","article-title":"A Survey on LoRa for Smart Agriculture: Current Trends and Future Perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Pagano","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, M.A., Gallardo, J.L., Zuniga, M.D., Pedraza, M.A., Carvajal, G., Jara, N., and Carvajal, R. (2022). LoRa Based IoT Platform for Remote Monitoring of Large-Scale Agriculture Farms in Chile. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22082824"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivera Guzm\u00e1n, E.F., Ma\u00f1ay Chochos, E.D., Chiliquinga Malliquinga, M.D., Balde\u00f3n Egas, P.F., and Toasa Guachi, R.M. (2022). LoRa Network-Based System for Monitoring the Agricultural Sector in Andean Areas: Case Study Ecuador. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186743"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Semtech (2023, February 22). Smart Agriculture with LoRa Technology. Available online: https:\/\/www.semtech.com\/lora\/lora-applications\/smart-agriculture."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Olanrewaju, R.F., Islam, T., and Ali, N. (2015). Advanced Computer and Communication Engineering Technology, Springer."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/5\/2725\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:45:50Z","timestamp":1760121950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/5\/2725"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s23052725"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23052725","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]}}}