{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:43:06Z","timestamp":1775608986839,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61901065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61901065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0480"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021CDJQY-013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CDJQY-013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005230","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61901065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61901065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005230","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0480"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005230","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005230","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021CDJQY-013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CDJQY-013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["61901065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61901065"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0480"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0458"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2021CDJQY-013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CDJQY-013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we, for the first time, apply angle diversity transmitters (ADTs) to enhance the performance of multiple-input multiple-output visible light communication (MIMO-VLC) systems. The ADT is designed to consist of one center light emitting diode (LED) and multiple inclined side LEDs. We calculate the line-of-sight (LOS) channel gain of the MIMO-VLC system using ADTs and further derive the average achievable rate of the system. We show that the average achievable rate is related to both the inclination angle of the side LEDs and the spacing between two adjacent ADTs in the MIMO-VLC system. Simulations are conducted to verify that the average achievable rate of the ADT-enhanced MIMO-VLC system can be maximized by setting the optimal inclination angle of the side LEDs and the optimal spacing between adjacent ADTs. The obtained results further show that the average achievable rate of the ADT-enhanced MIMO-VLC system can be greatly improved when there are more LEDs in each ADT. Specifically, a substantial 42.9% average achievable rate improvement can be achieved by using the optimized ADT in comparison to using a conventional non-angle diversity transmitter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T22:38:50Z","timestamp":1658443130000},"page":"5436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Indoor MIMO-VLC Using Angle Diversity Transmitters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Biao","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3810-8466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanli","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}]},{"given":"Yanchao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Optoelectronics Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2541-6283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cisco, U. 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