{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T11:40:42Z","timestamp":1777030842823,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2022R178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a dual-channel network of a sustainable Closed-Loop Supply Chain (CLSC) for rice considering energy sources and consumption tax. A Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is formulated for optimizing the total cost, the amount of pollutants, and the number of job opportunities created in the proposed supply chain network under the uncertainty of cost, supply, and demand. In addition, to deal with uncertainty, fuzzy logic is used. Moreover, four multi-objective metaheuristic algorithms are employed to solve the model, which include a novel multi-objective version of the recently proposed metaheuristic algorithm known as Multi-Objective Reptile Search Optimizer (MORSO), Multi-Objective Simulated Annealing (MOSA), Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO), and Multi-Objective Grey Wolf (MOGWO). All the algorithms are evaluated using LP-metric in small sizes and their results and performance are compared based on criteria such as Max Spread (MS), Spread of Non-Dominance Solution (SNS), the number of Pareto solutions (NPS), Mean Ideal Distance (MID), and CPU time. In addition, to achieve better results, the parameters of all algorithms are tuned by the Taguchi method. The programmed model is implemented using a real case study in Iran to confirm its accuracy and efficiency. To further evaluate the current model, some key parameters are subject to sensitivity analysis. Empirical results indicate that MORSO performed very well and by constructing solar panel sites and producing energy out of rice waste up to 19% of electricity can be saved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T23:27:25Z","timestamp":1652052445000},"page":"3547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Investigating a Dual-Channel Network in a Sustainable Closed-Loop Supply Chain Considering Energy Sources and Consumption Tax"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Mehran","family":"Gharye Mirzaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 1969764499, Iran"}]},{"given":"Fariba","family":"Goodarzian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organization Engineering Group, School of Engineering, University of Seville, Camino de los Descubrimientos s\/n, 41092 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Machine Intelligence Research Labs (MIR Labs), Scientific Network for Innovation and Research Excellence, 11, 3rd Street NW, P.O. Box 2259, Auburn, WA 98071, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3926-9173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeid","family":"Maddah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Thran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1468763785, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0169-6738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajith","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Machine Intelligence Research Labs (MIR Labs), Scientific Network for Innovation and Research Excellence, 11, 3rd Street NW, P.O. Box 2259, Auburn, WA 98071, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6910-6861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lubna","family":"Abdelkareim Gabralla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamariotou, M., Kitsios, F., Charatsari, C., Lioutas, E.D., and Talias, M.A. (2022). Digital strategy decision support systems: Agrifood supply chain management in smes. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010274"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118081","article-title":"Addressing a set of meta-heuristics to solve a multi-objective model for closed-loop citrus supply chain considering CO2 emissions","volume":"239","author":"Roghanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, R.B.D., Torrisi, N.M., and Pantoni, R.P. (2021). Third party certification of agri-food supply chain using smart contracts and blockchain tokens. 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