{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T11:38:33Z","timestamp":1765280313819,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#41825014 and #42176177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#41825014 and #42176177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017R52001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R52001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Talent Program","award":["LR18D060001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR18D060001"]}]},{"name":"Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)","award":["GML2019ZD0602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GML2019ZD0602"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies on the polarization imaging of underwater targets mainly focused on top-down detection; however, the capacities of bottom-up detection were poorly known. Based on in situ experiments, the capability of bottom-up detection of underwater targets using polarization imaging was investigated. First, to realize the objective of bottom-up polarization imaging, a SALSA polarization camera was integrated into our Underwater Polarization Imaging System (UPIS), which was integrated with an attitude sensor. At Qiandao Lake, where the water is relatively clear, experiments were conducted to examine the capacity of the UPIS to detect objects from the bottom up. Simultaneously, entropy, clarity, and contrast were adopted to compare the imaging performance with different radiation parameters. The results show that among all the used imaging parameters, the angle of polarization is the optimal parameter for bottom-up detection of underwater targets based on polarization imaging, which may result from the different diffused reflectance of the target surface to the linear polarization components of the Stokes vector.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22082827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T21:08:22Z","timestamp":1649365702000},"page":"2827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Experimental Study on Bottom-Up Detection of Underwater Targets Based on Polarization Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7462-716X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianfeng","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Xianqiang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology of CAS, Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lavest, J.M., Guichard, F., and Rousseau, C. 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