{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:24:28Z","timestamp":1760235868866,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011693","name":"Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, UK Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QuickTurn Project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QuickTurn Project"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last few years, Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies have been proposed for Machine-Type Communications (MTC). In this paper, we evaluate wireless relay technologies that can improve LPWAN coverage for smart meter communication applications. We provide a realistic coverage analysis using a realistic correlated shadow-fading map and path-loss calculation for the environment. Our analysis shows significant reductions in the number of MTC devices in outage by deploying either small cells or Device-to-Device (D2D) communications. In addition, we analyzed the energy consumption of the MTC devices for different data packet sizes and Maximum Coupling Loss (MCL) values. Finally, we study how compression techniques can extend the battery lifetime of MTC devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:26:20Z","timestamp":1633728380000},"page":"6534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Impact of Compression and Small Cell Deployment on NB-IoT Devices Coverage and Energy Consumption with a Realistic Simulation Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9696-6528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Zeinali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Innovation Research Group, Department of Engineering, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4605-9708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John S.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Digital Communications, Alexander Graham Bell Building, School of Engineering and Electronics, Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7263367","article-title":"Machine-type communications: Current status and future perspectives toward 5G systems","volume":"53","author":"Shariatmadari","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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