{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T16:01:33Z","timestamp":1775577693559,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This study is supported by the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFB1400803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB1400803"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microcalcification clusters in mammograms are one of the major signs of breast cancer. However, the detection of microcalcifications from mammograms is a challenging task for radiologists due to their tiny size and scattered location inside a denser breast composition. Automatic CAD systems need to predict breast cancer at the early stages to support clinical work. The intercluster gap, noise between individual MCs, and individual object\u2019s location can affect the classification performance, which may reduce the true-positive rate. In this study, we propose a computer-vision-based FC-DSCNN CAD system for the detection of microcalcification clusters from mammograms and classification into malignant and benign classes. The computer vision method automatically controls the noise and background color contrast and directly detects the MC object from mammograms, which increases the classification performance of the neural network. The breast cancer classification framework has four steps: image preprocessing and augmentation, RGB to grayscale channel transformation, microcalcification region segmentation, and MC ROI classification using FC-DSCNN to predict malignant and benign cases. The proposed method was evaluated on 3568 DDSM and 2885 PINUM mammogram images with automatic feature extraction, obtaining a score of 0.97 with a 2.35 and 0.99 true-positive ratio with 2.45 false positives per image, respectively. Experimental results demonstrated that the performance of the proposed method remains higher than the traditional and previous approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]],"date-time":"2021-07-18T21:18:52Z","timestamp":1626643132000},"page":"4854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Computer Vision-Based Microcalcification Detection in Digital Mammograms Using Fully Connected Depthwise Separable Convolutional Neural Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Khalil ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100024, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1995-9249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100024, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for IoT Software and Systems, Beijing 100124, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1545-9204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Division, University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima 965-8580, Japan"}]},{"given":"Anaa","family":"Yasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100024, China"}]},{"given":"Saqib","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100024, China"}]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100024, China"},{"name":"Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021, July 15). 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