{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T12:53:11Z","timestamp":1776775991809,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Asuntos Econ\u00f3micos y Transformaci\u00f3n Digital","award":["PID2020-113240RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-113240RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Asuntos Econ\u00f3micos y Transformaci\u00f3n Digital","award":["RED2018-102585-T"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RED2018-102585-T"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The issue of energy balancing in Wireless Sensor Networks is a pivotal one, crucial in their deployment. This problem can be subdivided in three areas: (i) energy conservation techniques, usually implying minimizing the cost of communication at the nodes since it is known that the radio is the biggest consumer of the available energy; (ii) energy-harvesting techniques, converting energy from not full-time available environmental sources and usually storing it; and (iii) energy transfer techniques, sharing energy resources from one node (either specialized or not) to another one. In this article, we survey the main contributions in these three areas and identify the main trending topics in recent research. A discussion and some future directions are also included.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T03:22:00Z","timestamp":1624418520000},"page":"4281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Current Trends on Green Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3390-0035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Carlos","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ardao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"atlanTTic, Escola de Enxe\u00f1ar\u00eda de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3299-150X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal F.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"atlanTTic, Escola de Enxe\u00f1ar\u00eda de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8402-9825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Su\u00e1rez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"atlanTTic, Escola de Enxe\u00f1ar\u00eda de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5965-1076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"atlanTTic, Escola de Enxe\u00f1ar\u00eda de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3963-0451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Estrella","family":"Sousa-Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"atlanTTic, Escola de Enxe\u00f1ar\u00eda de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2002.1024422","article-title":"A survey on sensor networks","volume":"40","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2008.06.003","article-title":"Energy conservation in wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"7","author":"Anastasi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/79.985679","article-title":"Energy-aware wireless microsensor networks","volume":"19","author":"Raghunathan","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. 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