{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T05:54:26Z","timestamp":1776750866330,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["303559\/2019-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303559\/2019-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88881.311850\/2018-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.311850\/2018-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As key-components of the urban-drainage system, storm-drains and manholes are essential to the hydrological modeling of urban basins. Accurately mapping of these objects can help to improve the storm-drain systems for the prevention and mitigation of urban floods. Novel Deep Learning (DL) methods have been proposed to aid the mapping of these urban features. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the state-of-the-art object detection method RetinaNet to identify storm-drain and manhole in urban areas in street-level RGB images. The experimental assessment was performed using 297 mobile mapping images captured in 2019 in the streets in six regions in Campo Grande city, located in Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Two configurations of training, validation, and test images were considered. ResNet-50 and ResNet-101 were adopted in the experimental assessment as the two distinct feature extractor networks (i.e., backbones) for the RetinaNet method. The results were compared with the Faster R-CNN method. The results showed a higher detection accuracy when using RetinaNet with ResNet-50. In conclusion, the assessed DL method is adequate to detect storm-drain and manhole from mobile mapping RGB images, outperforming the Faster R-CNN method. The labeled dataset used in this study is available for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T07:25:03Z","timestamp":1597044303000},"page":"4450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Storm-Drain and Manhole Detection Using the RetinaNet Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6968-623X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anderson","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, MS, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9096-6866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Marcato Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, MS, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"de Andrade Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, MS, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2973-592X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, MS, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, MS, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Geazy","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, MS, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Leandro","family":"Higa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, MS, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2065-6245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anette","family":"Eltner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6633-2903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program of Environment and Regional Development, University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo, Presidente Prudente 19067175, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0258-536X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Osco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program of Environment and Regional Development, University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo, Presidente Prudente 19067175, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8815-6653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wesley","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, MS, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, MS, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mizutor, M., and Guha-Sapir, D. 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