{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T14:38:44Z","timestamp":1771943924388,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":227,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,7]],"date-time":"2020-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Balance impairment is a major mechanism behind falling along with environmental hazards. Under physiological conditions, ageing leads to a progressive decline in balance control per se. Moreover, various neurological disorders further increase the risk of falls by deteriorating specific nervous system functions contributing to balance. Over the last 15 years, significant advancements in technology have provided wearable solutions for balance evaluation and the management of postural instability in patients with neurological disorders. This narrative review aims to address the topic of balance and wireless sensors in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and other neurodegenerative and acute clinical syndromes. The review discusses the physiological and pathophysiological bases of balance in neurological disorders as well as the traditional and innovative instruments currently available for balance assessment. The technical and clinical perspectives of wearable technologies, as well as current challenges in the field of teleneurology, are also examined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T05:16:14Z","timestamp":1591679774000},"page":"3247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Fifteen Years of Wireless Sensors for Balance Assessment in Neurological Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0227-1993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Zampogna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1064-7962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Mileti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3213-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Palermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7154-5882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Celletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0947-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Paoloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1232-0354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Manoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Mazzetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Dalla Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurorehabilitation and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, INSPE-Institute of Experimental Neurology, University Vita-Salute and Hospital San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7400-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Research Centre for Dependency Care and Autonomous Living (CETpD), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Vilanova I la Geltr\u00fa, 08800 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Sense4Care, 08940 Cornell\u00e0 de Llobregat, Spain"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Camerota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Letizia","family":"Leocani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurorehabilitation and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, INSPE-Institute of Experimental Neurology, University Vita-Salute and Hospital San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6926-3322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Cabestany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Research Centre for Dependency Care and Autonomous Living (CETpD), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Vilanova I la Geltr\u00fa, 08800 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Sense4Care, 08940 Cornell\u00e0 de Llobregat, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1831-6786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Irrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9903-5550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Suppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, March 16). 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