{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T16:57:41Z","timestamp":1770137861703,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]],"date-time":"2019-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major National Science and Technology Special Program of China","award":["2017ZX05008-008-041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017ZX05008-008-041"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41574106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41574106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless sensor networks are widely used in many fields. Nodes in the network are typically powered by batteries. Because the energy consumption of wireless communication is related to the transmission distance, the energy consumption of nodes in different locations is different, resulting in uneven energy distribution of nodes. In some special applications, all nodes are required to work at the same time, and the uneven energy distribution makes the effective working time of the system subject to the node with the largest energy consumption. The commonly used clustering protocol can play a role in balancing energy consumption, but it does not achieve optimal energy consumption. This paper proposes to use the power supply line to connect the nodes to fully balance the energy. The connection scheme with the shortest power line length is also proposed. On the basis of energy balance, the method of transmitting data with the best hop count is proposed, which fully reduces the power consumption of the data transmission. The simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively reduce the energy consumption and prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19133017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]],"date-time":"2019-07-10T03:05:26Z","timestamp":1562727926000},"page":"3017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["A Method for Energy Balance and Data Transmission Optimal Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xuesong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2879-030X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aponte-Luis, J., G\u00f3mez-Gal\u00e1n, J.A., G\u00f3mez-Bravo, F., S\u00e1nchez-Raya, M., Alcina-Espigado, J., and Teixido-Rovira, P.M. (2018). An Efficient Wireless Sensor Network for Industrial Monitoring and Control. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010182"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-017-1344-0","article-title":"A SAW wireless sensor network platform for industrial predictive maintenance","volume":"30","author":"Breschi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Intell. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3524","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2825225","article-title":"Wireless Sensor Network Based Navigation of Micro Flying Robots in the Industrial Internet of Things","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8722","DOI":"10.3390\/s91108722","article-title":"A Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Rural and Forest Fire Detection and Verification","volume":"9","author":"Lloret","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullo, S., Gallo, M., Palmieri, G., Amenta, P., Russo, M., Romano, G., Ferrucci, M., Ferrara, A., and De Angelis, M. (2018, January 12\u201314). Application of wireless sensor networks to environmental monitoring for sustainable mobility. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Environmental Engineering (EE), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EE1.2018.8385263"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/2017RS006507","article-title":"Wireless Sensor Network for Radiometric Detection and Assessment of Partial Discharge in High-Voltage Equipment","volume":"53","author":"Upton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flammini, F., Gaglione, A., Ottello, F., Pappalardo, A., Pragliola, C., and Tedesco, A. (2010, January 19\u201321). Towards Wireless Sensor Networks for railway infrastructure monitoring. Proceedings of the 2010 Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway and Ship Propulsion (ESARS 2010), Bologna, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ESARS.2010.5665249"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswas, S., Das, R., and Chatterjee, P. (2018). Energy-Efficient Connected Target Coverage in Multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks. Industry Interactive Innovations in Science, Engineering and Technology, Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 11, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-3953-9_40"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2017.08.045","article-title":"Minimum energy target tracking with coverage guarantee in wireless sensor networks","volume":"265","author":"Lersteau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33766","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2682845","article-title":"Energy Balance-Based Steerable Arguments Coverage Method in WSNs","volume":"6","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2013.2250910","article-title":"An Energy-Balanced Routing Method Based on Forward-Aware Factor for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-018-1302-3","article-title":"Research on the energy balance algorithm of WSN based on topology control","volume":"2018","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ieri.2012.06.172","article-title":"A Clustering Routing Protocol for Energy Balance of WSN based on Genetic Clustering Algorithm","volume":"2","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"IERI Procedia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-017-1558-2","article-title":"Cluster head selection for energy efficient and delay-less routing in wireless sensor network","volume":"25","author":"Sarkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Heinzelman, W.R., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H. (2000, January 4\u20137). Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-33), Maui, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu Salem, A.O., and Shudifat, N. (2019). Enhanced LEACH protocol for increasing a lifetime of WSNs. Pers. Ubiquitous Comput., 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-019-01205-4"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2013.06.127","article-title":"Q-LEACH: A New Routing Protocol for WSNs","volume":"19","author":"Manzoor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-015-1063-4","article-title":"An energy efficient routing protocol for correlated data using CL-LEACH in WSN","volume":"22","author":"Marappan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Jin, N., Lou, X., Peng, T., Zhou, Q., and Chen, Y. (2012, January 29\u201331). Improvement of LEACH protocol for WSN. Proceedings of the 2012 9th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, Sichuan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/FSKD.2012.6233907"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2004.41","article-title":"HEED: A hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks","volume":"3","author":"Younis","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2018.2799158","article-title":"Multi-Source Energy Harvesting and Storage for Floating Wireless Sensor Network Nodes with Long Range Communication Capability","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yildiz, H.U., Gungor, V.C., and Tavli, B. (2018, January 20\u201322). A hybrid energy harvesting framework for energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks based smart grid applications. Proceedings of the 2018 17th Annual Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop (Med-Hoc-Net), Capri, Italy.","DOI":"10.23919\/MedHocNet.2018.8407079"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2009.03.008","article-title":"A distributed energy-efficient clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"36","author":"Chamam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2017.07.045","article-title":"Energy efficient and QoS-aware routing protocol for wireless sensor network-based smart grid applications in the context of industry 4.0","volume":"68","author":"Faheem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-017-1461-x","article-title":"A reliable energy-efficient pressure-based routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor network","volume":"24","author":"Khasawneh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-017-0348-6","article-title":"An energy-aware routing protocol for wireless sensor network based on genetic algorithm","volume":"67","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2822","DOI":"10.3390\/s140202822","article-title":"Energy-Efficient Sensing in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Compressed Sensing","volume":"14","author":"Razzaque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"10","article-title":"Uneven cluster-based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Comput."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abushiba, W., Johnson, P., Alharthi, S., and Wright, C. (2017, January 27\u201328). An energy efficient and adaptive clustering for wireless sensor network (CH-leach) using leach protocol. Proceedings of the 2017 13th International Computer Engineering Conference (ICENCO), Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICENCO.2017.8289762"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Driel, W.D., Pyper, O., and Schumann, C. (2020). Power Consumption Minimization of Wireless Sensor Networks in the Internet of Things Era. Sensor Systems Simulations: From Concept to Solution, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16577-2"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Khan, J.Y., Ngo, D.T., and Nguyen, T.D. (2017, January 21\u201325). An effective energy-harvesting-aware routing algorithm for WSN-based IoT applications. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"22","article-title":"Single point geophone seismic acquisition technology based on wireless network","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Technol. Inf."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/13\/3017\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:03:48Z","timestamp":1760187828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/13\/3017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s19133017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19133017","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]]}}}