{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T20:49:02Z","timestamp":1774903742995,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]],"date-time":"2019-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFC0307701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0307701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41427803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41427803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology","award":["QNLM2016ORP0414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QNLM2016ORP0414"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aiming at the real-time observation requirements in marine science and ocean engineering, based on underwater acoustic communication and satellite communication technology, a seabed real-time sensing system for in-situ long-term multi-parameter observation applications (SRSS\/ILMO) is proposed. It consists of a seabed observation system, a sea surface relay transmission buoy, and a remote monitoring system. The system communication link is implemented by underwater acoustic communication and satellite communication. The seabed observation system adopts the \u201cARM + FPGA\u201d architecture to meet the low power consumption, scalability, and versatility design requirements. As a long-term unattended system, a two-stage anti-crash mechanism, an automatic system fault isolation design, dual-medium data storage, and improved Modbus protocol are adopted to meet the system reliability requirements. Through the remote monitoring system, users can configure the system working mode, sensor parameters and acquire observation data on demand. The seabed observation system can realize the observation of different fields by carrying different sensors such as those based on marine engineering geology, chemistry, biology, and environment. Carrying resistivity and pore pressure sensors, the SRSS\/ILMO powered by seawater batteries was used for a seabed engineering geology observation. The preliminary test results based on harbor environment show the effectiveness of the developed system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T04:07:37Z","timestamp":1552450057000},"page":"1255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Seabed Real-Time Sensing System for In-Situ Long-Term Multi-Parameter Observation Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7650-9098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lanjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering Shandong Province, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4353-6190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhibo","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Caiyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Jialin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Jiong","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Yonggang","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering Shandong Province, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Xiujun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering Shandong Province, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaowei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering Shandong Province, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering Shandong Province, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L15606","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030812","article-title":"Global observations of large oceanic eddies","volume":"34","author":"Chelton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/00107519508230334","article-title":"The tropical ocean global atmosphere programme","volume":"36","author":"Anderson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Contemp. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2009.36","article-title":"The argo program: Observing the global ocean with profiling floats","volume":"22","author":"Roemmich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"125","article-title":"Seafloor observatiories: The third platform for earth system observation","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"644","article-title":"Coupled development in marine science and technology: A retrospect","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbagelata, A., Richardson, M., Miaschi, B., Muzi, E., Guerrini, P., Troiano, L., and Akal, T. (1991, January 15\u201319). ISSAMS: An in situ sediment acoustic measurement system. Proceedings of the Conference on Shear Waves in Marine Sediments, La Spezia, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-3568-9_34"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Guttormsen, M., Wilson, C., and Stienessen, S. (2002). Echo integration-trawl survey results for walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in the Gulf of Alaska during February and March, Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Groundfish Resources of the Gulf of Alaska, Appendix D."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2006.07.027","article-title":"Bottom instrumented tripods: History, applications, and impacts","volume":"26","author":"Cacchione","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"50","article-title":"Retrieving phytoplankton size class from hyperspectral particulate absorption data measured by the ship-based underway flow-through system","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trop. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JTECHO697.1","article-title":"Detiding shipboard ADCP data in eastern boundary current","volume":"28","author":"Vazquez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"30","article-title":"The ROSON-40kN offshore CPT equipment for marine geological survey","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geotech. Investig. Surv."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"521","article-title":"NEPTUNE Canada: Science, operation and management","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2013.09.004","article-title":"An exploration for deep-sea fish sounds off Vancouver Island from the NEPTUNE Canada ocean observing system","volume":"83","author":"Wall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res. Part I"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.20965\/jdr.2017.p0766","article-title":"Real-Time tsunami prediction system using DONET","volume":"12","author":"Takahashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Disaster Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"21","article-title":"EMSO: European multidisciplinary seafloor observatory","volume":"602","author":"Favali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Underw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belabbassi, L., Garzio, L., Smith, M., Knuth, F., Kerfoot, J., Vardaro, M., and Crowley, M. (2016, January 19\u201323). Successes and lessons learned from OOI end-to-end system data quality audit. Proceedings of the 2016 OCEANS MTS\/IEEE Monterey, OCE 2016, Monterey, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS.2016.7761419"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4031\/MTSJ.50.3.13","article-title":"The EMSO-ERIC Pan-European Consortium: Data benefits and lessons learned as the legal entity forms","volume":"50","author":"Best","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Technol. Soc. J."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1134","article-title":"Design of a prototype system for cabled seafoor observatory networks","volume":"33","author":"Lv","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Li, Y., Huo, L., Li, X., Wen, J., Wang, Y., and Shan, B. (2010, January 24\u201326). An open-loop sin microstepping driver based on FPGA and the co-simulation of modelsim and simulink. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer, Mechatronics, Control and Electronic Engineering, CMCE 2010, Changchun, China."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"126","article-title":"FBG based instrument for marine sediment pore pressure research","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reriodical. Ocean Univ. China"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pensieri, S., Patiris, D., Alexakis, S., Anagnostou, M.N., Prospathopoulos, A., Tsabaris, C., and Bozzano, R. (2018). Integration of underwater radioactivity and acoustic sensors into an open sea near real-time multi-parametric observation system. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082737"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/1255\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:38:16Z","timestamp":1760186296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/5\/1255"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s19051255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19051255","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]]}}}