{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T07:11:50Z","timestamp":1763017910908,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,4]],"date-time":"2018-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18ZR1410800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18ZR1410800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2017YFE0100700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFE0100700"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Subsidence Monitoring and Prevention, Ministry of Land and Resources","award":["KLLSMP201503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLLSMP201503"]}]},{"name":"Director of the Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University","award":["KLGIS2017C03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLGIS2017C03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we focused on the ocean-reclaimed lands of the Shanghai coastal region and we evidenced how, over these areas, the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) coherence maps exhibit peculiar behavior. In particular, by analyzing a sequence of Sentinel-1 SAR InSAR coherence maps, we found a significant coherence loss over time in correspondence to the ocean-reclaimed platforms that are substantially different from the coherence loss experienced in naturally-formed regions with the same type of land cover. We have verified whether this is due to the engineering geological conditions or the soil consolidation subsidence in ocean-reclaimed region. In this work, we combine the information coming from InSAR coherence maps and the retrieved temporal decorrelation model with that obtained by using optical Sentinel-2 data, and we performed land cover classification analyses in the zone of the Pudong International Airport. To estimate the accuracy of utilizing InSAR coherence information for land cover classification, in particular, we have analyzed what causes the difference of the InSAR coherence loss with the same type of land cover. The presented results show that the coherence models can be useful to distinguish roads and buildings, thus enhancing the accuracy of land cover classification compared with that allowable by using only Sentinel-2 data. In particular, the accuracy of classification increases from 75% to 86%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]],"date-time":"2018-09-05T03:08:55Z","timestamp":1536116935000},"page":"2939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["On the Effects of InSAR Temporal Decorrelation and Its Implications for Land Cover Classification: The Case of the Ocean-Reclaimed Lands of the Shanghai Megacity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5512-4655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanyu","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China"},{"name":"Chongming ECO Institute, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Environmental Remote Sensing and Data Assimilation, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China"},{"name":"ECNU-CSU Joint Research Institute for New Energy and the Environment, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China"},{"name":"Chongming ECO Institute, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Environmental Remote Sensing and Data Assimilation, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China"},{"name":"ECNU-CSU Joint Research Institute for New Energy and the Environment, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China"},{"name":"Chongming ECO Institute, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Environmental Remote Sensing and Data Assimilation, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China"},{"name":"ECNU-CSU Joint Research Institute for New Energy and the Environment, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China"},{"name":"Chongming ECO Institute, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.12.127","article-title":"Changes of ecosystem service values in response to land use\/land cover dynamics in Munessa-Shashemene landscape of the Ethiopian highlands","volume":"547","author":"Kindu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.03.008","article-title":"Optical remotely sensed time series data for land cover classification: A review","volume":"116","author":"White","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9647","DOI":"10.3390\/s101109647","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation: A Review from the Perspective of Remote Sensing Specialists","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2010.02.002","article-title":"Urban sprawl measurement from remote sensing data","volume":"30","author":"Bhatta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.06.004","article-title":"Object based image analysis for remote sensing","volume":"65","author":"Blaschke","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/14498596.2010.487854","article-title":"Object-based feature extraction using high spatial resolution satellite data of urban areas","volume":"55","author":"Taubenboeck","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Spat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, G., Ma, Y., Ren, G., and Bao, Y. (2016, January 10\u201315). High resolution remote sensing classification of coral reef substrate, base on SVM\u2014Taken XiSha Zhaoshu island as an example. Proceedings of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2016.7729191"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.09.019","article-title":"Study of land cover classification based on knowledge rules using high-resolution remote sensing images","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.876120","article-title":"Mapping vegetation morphology types in a dry savanna ecosystem: Integrating hierarchical object-based image analysis with Random Forest","volume":"35","author":"Mishra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2011.587844","article-title":"Crop classification using multi-configuration SAR data in the North China Plain","volume":"33","author":"Jia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.03.010","article-title":"A comparative analysis of ALOS PALSAR L-band and RADARSAT-2 C-band data for land-cover classification in a tropical moist region","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10333-015-0515-x","article-title":"Mapping rice-planted areas using time-series synthetic aperture radar data for the Asia-RiCE activity","volume":"14","author":"Oyoshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Paddy Water Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.03.002","article-title":"Random Forest and Rotation Forest for fully polarized SAR image classification using polarimetric and spatial features","volume":"105","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2236560","article-title":"Object-Based Fusion of Multitemporal Multiangle ENVISAT ASAR and HJ-1B Multispectral Data for Urban Land-Cover Mapping","volume":"51","author":"Ban","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2273074","article-title":"Improving the Accuracy of Urban Land Cover Classification Using Radarsat-2 PolSAR Data","volume":"7","author":"Salehi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yocky, D.A. (1998, January 6\u201310). Interferometric SAR coherence classification utility assessment. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.1998.703651"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00221-8","article-title":"Delineation of delta ecozones using interferometric SAR phase coherence Mackenzie River Delta, NWT, Canada","volume":"78","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.813271","article-title":"Land-cover classification using multitemporal ERS-1\/2 InSAR data","volume":"41","author":"Engdahl","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00142-1","article-title":"Mapping urban change in the UK using satellite radar interferometry","volume":"87","author":"Grey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, T., Pan, J., Zhang, P., Wei, S., and Han, T. (2017). Mapping Winter Wheat with Multi-Temporal SAR and Optical Images in an Urban Agricultural Region. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061210"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2673409","article-title":"Dry and Wet Snow Cover Mapping in Mountain Areas Using SAR and Optical Remote Sensing Data","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"S23","article-title":"InSAR coherence-based land cover classification of Okara, Pakistan","volume":"21","author":"Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Remote Sens. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2010.2069085","article-title":"Urban Image Classification with Semisupervised Multiscale Cluster Kernel","volume":"4","author":"Tuia","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3546","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2442594","article-title":"Synergetic Classification of Long-Wave Infrared Hyperspectral and Visible Images","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70404157","article-title":"Improved POLSAR Image Classification by the Use of Multi-Feature Combination","volume":"7","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1109\/36.175330","article-title":"Decorrelation in interferometric radar echoes","volume":"30","author":"Zebker","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.837330","article-title":"Volume decorrelation effects in polarimetric SAR interferometry","volume":"42","author":"Alberga","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2104325","article-title":"Deformation Time-Series Generation in Areas Characterized by Large Displacement Dynamics: The SAR Amplitude Pixel-Offset SBAS Technique","volume":"49","author":"Casu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2402168","article-title":"A DInSAR Investigation of the Ground Settlement Time Evolution of Ocean-Reclaimed Lands in Shanghai","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pepe, A., Bonano, M., Zhao, Q., Yang, T., and Wang, H. (2016). The Use of C-\/X-Band Time-Gapped SAR Data and Geotechnical Models for the Study of Shanghai\u2019s Ocean-Reclaimed Lands through the SBAS-DInSAR Technique. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201608.0083.v1"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, L., Yang, T., Zhao, Q., Liu, M., and Pepe, A. (2017). The 2015-2016 Ground Displacements of the Shanghai Coastal Area Inferred from a Combined COSMO-SkyMed\/Sentinel-1 DInSAR Analysis. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9111194"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.902286","article-title":"Modeling interferograrn stacks","volume":"45","author":"Rocca","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2174367","article-title":"A Temporal Decorrelation Model for Polarimetric Radar Interferometers","volume":"50","author":"Lavalle","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4752","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2409066","article-title":"Extraction of Structural and Dynamic Properties of Forests From Polarimetric-Interferometric SAR Data Affected by Temporal Decorrelation","volume":"53","author":"Lavalle","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5765","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2572166","article-title":"Coherent Change Detection Using InSAR Temporal Decorrelation Model: A Case Study for Volcanic Ash Detection","volume":"54","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics of China (2015). China Statistical Yearbook."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/0266-5611\/14\/4\/001","article-title":"Topical Review: Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry","volume":"14","author":"Bamler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inverse Probl."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1109\/36.718859","article-title":"Polarimetric SAR interferometry","volume":"36","author":"Cloude","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697218467","article-title":"Radar backscatter analysis for urban environments","volume":"18","author":"Dong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018","article-title":"Support-vector networks","volume":"20","author":"Cortes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"122","article-title":"Application of support vector machines in classification of magnetic resonance images","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803792","article-title":"A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms","volume":"40","author":"Berardino","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/2939\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:18:46Z","timestamp":1760195926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/9\/2939"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s18092939"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18092939","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,4]]}}}