{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T15:30:03Z","timestamp":1766158203110,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,7]],"date-time":"2018-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-cost Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers and monocular cameras are widely used in daily activities. The complementary nature of these two devices is ideal for outdoor navigation. In this paper, we investigate the integration of GNSS and monocular camera measurements in a simultaneous localization and mapping system. The proposed system first aligns the coordinates between two sensors. Subsequently, the measurements are fused by an optimization-based scheme. Our system can function in real-time and obtain the absolute position, scale, and attitude of the vehicle. It achieves a high accuracy without a preset map and also has the capability to work with a preset map. The system can easily be extended to create other forms of maps or for other types of cameras. Experimental results on a popular public dataset are presented to validate the performance of the proposed system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,9]],"date-time":"2018-07-09T11:18:53Z","timestamp":1531135133000},"page":"2193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Integration of Low-Cost GNSS and Monocular Cameras for Simultaneous Localization and Mapping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2807-1962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Automatic Target Recognition Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Automatic Target Recognition Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Lefeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Automatic Target Recognition Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiguang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Automatic Target Recognition Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Maisi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2015.2463671","article-title":"ORB-SLAM: A versatile and accurate monocular SLAM system","volume":"31","author":"Montiel","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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