{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:37:26Z","timestamp":1776386246328,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]],"date-time":"2017-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21671103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21671103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21271104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21271104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is formed via non-enzymatic glycosylation reactions at the \u03b1\u2013amino group of \u03b2Val1 residues in the tetrameric Hb, and it can reflect the ambient glycemic level over the past two to three months. A variety of HbA1c detection methods, including chromatography, immunoassay, enzymatic measurement, electrochemical sensor and capillary electrophoresis have been developed and used in research laboratories and in clinics as well. In this review, we summarize the current status of HbA1c biosensors based on the recognition of the sugar moiety on the protein and also their applications in the whole blood sample measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]],"date-time":"2017-08-04T11:07:08Z","timestamp":1501844828000},"page":"1798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Current Status of HbA1c Biosensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hua","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.03.024","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040","volume":"128","author":"Ogurtsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2010). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 33, S62\u2013S69.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-S062"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011). Use of Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(75)90289-2","article-title":"Further identification of the nature and linkage of the carbohydrate in hemoglobin A1c","volume":"67","author":"Bunn","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)85860-X","article-title":"Sites of nonenzymatic glycosylation of human hemoglobin A","volume":"255","author":"Shapiro","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2017). Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care, 40, S11\u2013S24.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-S005"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-9020","article-title":"Managing preexisting diabetes for pregnancy: Summary of evidence and consensus recommendations for care","volume":"31","author":"Kitzmiller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(01)00187-7","article-title":"Detection of HbA(1c) by boronate affinity immunoassay using bacterial magnetic particles","volume":"16","author":"Tanaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(96)06349-8","article-title":"Specificity of hemoglobin A1c measurement by cation exchange liquid chromatography. Evaluation of a Mono S column method","volume":"253","author":"Koskinen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-0232(02)00162-9","article-title":"Application of shielding boronate affinity chromatography in the study of the glycation pattern of haemglobin","volume":"776","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2011.01.048","article-title":"Analysis of glycated hemoglobin A1c by capillary electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing","volume":"413","author":"Koval","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.06.014","article-title":"Multicenter evaluation of hemoglobin A1c assay on capillary electrophoresis","volume":"424","author":"Marinova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/27.5.669","article-title":"Improved colorimetric assay for glycasylated hemoglobin","volume":"2715","author":"Parker","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.3.339","article-title":"Evaluation of HbA1c determination methods in patients with hemoglobinopathies","volume":"23","author":"Schnedl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2002.016","article-title":"Approved IFCC reference method for the measurement of HbA1c in human blood","volume":"40","author":"Jeppsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"5","article-title":"HbA1c standardisation destination\u2014Global IFCC standardisation. How, why, where and when\u2014A tortuous pathway from kit manufacturers, via inter-laboratory lyophilized and whole blood comparisons to designated national comparison schemes","volume":"26","author":"Goodall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2014.10.019","article-title":"Current aspects in hemoglobin A1c detection: A review","volume":"439","author":"Ang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3390\/bios4030243","article-title":"Electrochemical biosensors based on ferroceneboronic acid and its derivatives: A review","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2015.03.019","article-title":"Glycated hemoglobin-detection methods based on electrochemical biosensors","volume":"72","author":"Yazdanpanah","year":"2015","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.3390\/ma8031187","article-title":"Recent progress in electrochemical HbA1c sensors: A review","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.05.079","article-title":"Recent progress in electrochemical biosensors based on phenylboronic acid and derivatives","volume":"67","author":"Anzai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"443","article-title":"Standardization and technology development of measurement of glycated human hemoglobin","volume":"42","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vashist, S.K., and Luong, J.H.T. (2016). Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) monitoring for diabetes diagnosis, management and therapy. Point-of-Care Glucose Detection for Diabetic Monitoring and Management, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315366746-6"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.07.011","article-title":"Ferroceneboronic acid-based amperometric biosensor for glycated hemoglobin","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2007.03.059","article-title":"Development of a biosensor for glycated hemoglobin","volume":"53","author":"Wollenberger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9582","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b02234","article-title":"Boronate-modified interdigitated electrode array for selective impedance-based sensing of glycated hemoglobin","volume":"88","author":"Boonyasit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8035","DOI":"10.1021\/ac8010439","article-title":"Selective electrochemical sensing of glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) on thiophene-3-boronic acid self-assembled monolayer covered gold electrodes","volume":"80","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.05.059","article-title":"Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) affinity biosensors with ring-shaped interdigital electrodes on impedance measurement","volume":"49","author":"Hsieh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.06.084","article-title":"Detection of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) based on impedance measurement with parallel electrodes integrated into a microfluidic device","volume":"171\u2013172","author":"Chuang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishna, S.R., Bhat, N., and Amrutur, B. (2011, January 7\u20138). Detection of glycated hemoglobin using 3-aminophenylboronic acid modified graphene oxide. Proceedings of the IEEE\/NIH Life Science Systems and Applications Workshop (LiSSA), Bethesda, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/LISSA.2011.5754140"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8680-8","article-title":"Selective label-free electrochemical impedance measurement of glycated haemoglobin on 3-aminophenylboronic acid-modified eggshell membranes","volume":"407","author":"Boonyasit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2016.05.047","article-title":"A multiplexed three-dimensional paper-based electrochemical impedance device for simultaneous label-free affinity sensing of total and glycated haemoglobin: The potential of using a specific single-frequency value for analysis","volume":"936","author":"Boonyasit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6536","DOI":"10.1021\/ac401411y","article-title":"Disposable amperometric glycated hemoglobin sensor for the finger prick blood test","volume":"85","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1021\/ac3032228","article-title":"Determination of percent hemoglobin A1c using a potentiometric method","volume":"85","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.07.058","article-title":"Using poly(3-aminophenylboronic acid) thin film with binding-induced ion flux blocking for amperometric detection of hemoglobin A1c","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.09.058","article-title":"Fabrication of electrochemical interface based on boronic acid-modified pyrroloquinoline quinine\/reduced graphene oxide composites for voltammetric determination of glycated hemoglobin","volume":"64","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2008.01.004","article-title":"The investigation of recognition interaction between phenylboronate monolayer and glycated hemoglobin using surface plasmon resonance","volume":"375","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.03.017","article-title":"Bioelectrocatalytic detection of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) based on the competitive binding of target and signaling glycoproteins to a boronate-modified surface","volume":"35","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.04.057","article-title":"Boronic acid-modified thin film interface for specific binding of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and electrochemical biosensing","volume":"140","author":"Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1080\/00032710701327096","article-title":"Signal amplification in immunoassays using labeling via boronic acid binding to the sugar moiety of immunoglobulin g: Proof of concept for glycated hemoglobin","volume":"40","author":"Wollenberger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(02)00779-1","article-title":"Membrane-immobilized haptoglobin as affinity matrix for a hemoglobin-a1c immunosensor","volume":"470","author":"Scheller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"St\u00f6llner, D., Warsinke, A., St\u00f6cklrin, W., D\u00f6lling, R., and Scheller, F. (2001). Immunochemical determination of hemoglobin-A1c utilizing a glycated peptide as hemoglobin-A1c analogon. Biosens. Symosium Tubingen., Available online: http:\/\/barolo.ipc.uni-tuebingen.de\/biosensor2001\/."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1039\/c2an16034j","article-title":"Development of an electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of HbA1c in serum","volume":"137","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201200333","article-title":"An amperometric immunosensor based on a gold nanoparticle-diazonium salt modified sensing interface for the detection of HbA1c in human blood","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201200233","article-title":"An electrochemical impedance immunosensor based on gold nanoparticle-modified electrodes for the detection of HbA1c in human blood","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molazemhosseini, A., Magagnin, L., Vena, P., and Liu, C.C. (2016). Single-use disposable electrochemical label-free immunosensor for detection of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071024"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2008.07.077","article-title":"A micro-potentiometric hemoglobin immunosensor based on electropolymerized polypyrrole-gold nanoparticles composite","volume":"24","author":"Qu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-010-9498-y","article-title":"A field effect transistor (FET)-based immunosensor for detection of HbA1c and Hb","volume":"13","author":"Bian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2011.01.017","article-title":"CMOS and MEMS based micro hemoglobin-A1c biosensors fabricated by various antibody immobilization methods","volume":"169","author":"Xue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"477","article-title":"Antibody immobilization based on nano spheres modified by mixed SAMs and SPA for immuno-FET sensor fabrication","volume":"9","author":"Xue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanotech. Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.08.034","article-title":"A micro potentiometric immunosensor for hemoglobin-A1c level detection based on mixed SAMs wrapped nano-spheres array","volume":"26","author":"Xue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-011-0675-3","article-title":"FETimmunosensor for hemoglobin A1c using a gold nanofilm grown by a seed-mediated technique and covered with mixed self-assembled monolayers","volume":"176","author":"Xue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.01.018","article-title":"CdTe nanobioprobe based optoelectrochemical immunodetection of diabetic marker HbA1c","volume":"44","author":"Chopra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-002-1319-6","article-title":"Development of a flow-injection analysis (FIA) enzyme sensor for fructosyl amine monitoring","volume":"373","author":"Ogawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.09.045","article-title":"A single-use, disposable iridium-modified electrochemical biosensor for fructosyl valine for the glycoslated hemoglobin detection","volume":"137","author":"Fang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.01.021","article-title":"An electrochemical biosensor for fructosyl valine for glycosylated hemoglobin detection based on core-shell magnetic bionanoparticles modified gold electrode","volume":"26","author":"Chawla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2012.08.002","article-title":"An amperometric hemoglobin A1c biosensor based on immobilization of fructosyl amino acid oxidase onto zinc oxide nanoparticles-polypyrrole film","volume":"430","author":"Chawla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.02.033","article-title":"Glycated hemoglobin detection with electrochemical sensing amplified by gold nanoparticles embedded N-doped graphene nanosheet","volume":"89","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.5796\/electrochemistry.68.869","article-title":"Development of an enzyme sensor utilizing a novel fructosyl amine oxidase from a marine yeast","volume":"68","author":"Tsugawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Electrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(00)01304-0","article-title":"A new concept for the construction of an artifical dehydrogenase for fructosylamine compounds and its application for an amperometric fructosylamine sensor","volume":"435","author":"Sode","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anyl. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(03)00125-8","article-title":"Construction of a molecular imprinting catalyst using target analogue template and its application for an amperometric fructosylamine sensor","volume":"18","author":"Sode","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.5796\/electrochemistry.80.353","article-title":"An amperometric sensor based on gold electrode modified by soluble molecularly imprinted catalyst for fructosyl valine","volume":"80","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.09.015","article-title":"Thermometric MIP sensor for fructosyl valine","volume":"23","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200900384","article-title":"Glassy carbon paste electrodes for the determination of fructosyl valine","volume":"22","author":"Chien","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201000426","article-title":"A nonenzymatic amperometric method for fructosyl-valine sensing using ferroceneboronic acid","volume":"23","author":"Chien","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2006.08.022","article-title":"Novel fluorescent sensing system for alpha-fructosyl amino acids based on engineered fructosyl amino acid binding protein","volume":"22","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-011-0787-1","article-title":"Construction of engineered fructosyl peptidyl oxidase for enzyme sensor applications under normal atmospheric conditions","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.03.001","article-title":"Development of fructosyl valine binding polymers by covalent imprinting","volume":"22","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2005.09.007","article-title":"Development of a combined setup for simultaneous detection of total and glycated haemoglobin content in blood samples","volume":"21","author":"Pribyl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2006.02.028","article-title":"Fabrication of a disposable biochip for measuring percent hemoglobin A1c (%HbA1c)","volume":"130\u2013131","author":"Son","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2006.09.008","article-title":"Electrochemical detection of HbA1c, a marker [correction of maker] for diabetes, using a flow immunoassay system","volume":"22","author":"Tanaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)16166-9","article-title":"A new electrochemical hba1c biosensor based on flow injection and screen-printed electrode","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.08.018","article-title":"Luminol chemiluminescence biosensor for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in human blood samples","volume":"75","author":"Ahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.12.038","article-title":"A disposable amperometric dual-sensor for the detection of hemoglobin and glycated hemoglobin in a finger prick blood sample","volume":"91","author":"Moon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2016-0303","article-title":"Performance of point-of-care HbA1c test devices: Implications for use in clinical practice\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Hirst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2265233","article-title":"Electronic nose system based on quartz crystal microbalance sensor for blood glucose and HbA1c levels from exhaled breath odor","volume":"13","author":"Saraoglu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.09.001","article-title":"Emerging technologies for next-generation point-of-care testing","volume":"33","author":"Vashist","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.6b00472","article-title":"Noninvasive monitoring of blood glucose with raman spectroscopy","volume":"50","author":"Pandey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7013","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07013","article-title":"Spectroscopic approach for dynamic bioanalyte tracking with minimal concentration information","volume":"4","author":"Spegazzini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/8\/1798\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:41:29Z","timestamp":1760208089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/8\/1798"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s17081798"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17081798","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]]}}}