{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T07:03:40Z","timestamp":1760425420743,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,4]],"date-time":"2016-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An optical sensor platform based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in a plastic optical fiber (POF) integrated into a thermo-stabilized flow cell for biochemical sensing applications is proposed. This device has been realized and experimentally tested by using a classic receptor-analyte assay. For this purpose, the gold surface of the POF was chemically modified through the formation of a self-assembling monolayer. The surface robustness of the POF-SPR platform has been tested for the first time thanks to the flow cell. The experimental results show that the proposed device can be successfully used for label-free biochemical sensing. The final goal of this work is to achieve a complete, small-size, simple to use and low cost optical sensor system. The whole system with the flow cell and the optical sensor are extensively described, together with the experimental results obtained with an immunoglobulin G (IgG)\/anti-IgG assay.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16020196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,4]],"date-time":"2016-02-04T10:26:22Z","timestamp":1454581582000},"page":"196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A Complete Optical Sensor System Based on a POF-SPR Platform and a Thermo-Stabilized Flow Cell for Biochemical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7769-0984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nunzio","family":"Cennamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Second University of Naples, Via Roma 29, Aversa 81031, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3169-7395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Chiavaioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics \u201cNello Carrara\u201d, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7822-4459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosimo","family":"Trono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics \u201cNello Carrara\u201d, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1660-9833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Tombelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics \u201cNello Carrara\u201d, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0002-2977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ambra","family":"Giannetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics \u201cNello Carrara\u201d, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2689-5952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Baldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics \u201cNello Carrara\u201d, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Zeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, Second University of Naples, Via Roma 29, Aversa 81031, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1021\/ac303159b","article-title":"Fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors (2008\u20132012)","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068107d","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance sensors for detection of chemical and biological species","volume":"108","author":"Homola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2006.03.058","article-title":"Analysis of the performance of interferometry, surface Plasmon resonance and luminescence as biosensors and chemosensors","volume":"569","author":"Ince","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chem. Acta"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2014.04.037","article-title":"Molecular imprinted polymer-coated optical fiber sensor for the identification of low molecular weight molecules","volume":"128","author":"Ianoul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.09.019","article-title":"Small biomolecule immunosensing with plasmonic optical fiber grating sensor","volume":"77","author":"Ribaut","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.3390\/s7060797","article-title":"Recent development in optical fiber biosensors","volume":"7","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.03.010","article-title":"A review of fiber-optic biosensors","volume":"125","author":"Leung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-004-2650-x","article-title":"Optical fiber-based biosensors","volume":"379","author":"Monk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2014.881250","article-title":"Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensors in Pharmaceutical Analysis","volume":"45","author":"Olaru","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2007.897946","article-title":"Fiber-optic sensors based on surface Plasmon resonance: a comprehensive review","volume":"7","author":"Anuj","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, B.D., and Verma, R.K. (2009). Surface plasmon resonance-based fiber optic sensors: Principle, probe designs, and some applications. J. Sens., 2009.","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/979761"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2015.03.012","article-title":"Smart design of fiber optic surfaces for improved plasmonic biosensing","volume":"32","author":"Arghir","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4791","DOI":"10.3390\/s140304791","article-title":"Plasmonic Sensors Based on Doubly-Deposited Tapered Optical Fibers","volume":"14","author":"Navarrete","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.04.069","article-title":"Improved surface plasmon resonance biosensing using silanized optical fibers","volume":"216","author":"Arghir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201500970","article-title":"Plasmofluidics: Merging Light and Fluids at the Micro-\/Nanoscale","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.10.055","article-title":"An innovative plastic optical fiber-based biosensor for new bio\/applications. The case of celiac disease","volume":"176","author":"Cennamo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.10.067","article-title":"High selectivity and sensitivity sensor based on MIP and SPR in tapered plastic optical fibers for the detection of L-nicotine","volume":"191","author":"Cennamo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.03.025","article-title":"An easy way to realize SPR aptasensor: A multimode plastic optical fiber platform for cancer biomarkers detection","volume":"140","author":"Cennamo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4403","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc40613f","article-title":"Optofluidic microsystems with integrated vertical one-dimensional photonic crystals for chemical analysis","volume":"12","author":"Surdo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.3390\/s130100721","article-title":"Performance Comparison of Two Sensors Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance in a Plastic Optical Fiber","volume":"13","author":"Cennamo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2007.906840","article-title":"Modeling of tapered fiber-optic surface plasmon resonance sensor with enhanced sensitivity","volume":"19","author":"Verna","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-008-9055-1","article-title":"Sensitivity of optical fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance: modeling and experiments","volume":"3","author":"Kanso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11752","DOI":"10.3390\/s111211752","article-title":"Low Cost Sensors Based on SPR in a Plastic Optical Fiber for Biosensor Implementation","volume":"11","author":"Cennamo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"MicroChem Corp. Available online: http:\/\/www.microchem.com\/PDFs_Dow\/S1800.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8499","DOI":"10.3390\/s150408499","article-title":"Monitoring of Low Levels of Furfural in Power Transformer Oil with a Sensor System Based on a POF-MIP Platform","volume":"15","author":"Cennamo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12024","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b01841","article-title":"Sol-Gel-Based Titania-Silica Thin Film Overlay for Long Period Fiber Grating-Based Biosensors","volume":"87","author":"Chiavaioli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6267","DOI":"10.1021\/la503533g","article-title":"Biosensor Regeneration: A Review of Common Techniques and Outcomes","volume":"31","author":"Goode","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-015-0049-0","article-title":"In Situ Regeneration of Si-based ARROW-B Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors","volume":"35","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1039\/b510661c","article-title":"Formation and removal of alkylthiolate self-assembled monolayers on gold in aqueous solutions","volume":"6","author":"Canaria","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1116\/1.579510","article-title":"Removing sulfur from gold using ultraviolet ozone cleaning","volume":"13","author":"Worley","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Vacuum Sci. Technol. A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/sca.20089","article-title":"A simple method for the removal of thiols on gold surfaces using an NH4OH-H2O2-H2O solution","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scanning"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/2\/196\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:18:49Z","timestamp":1760210329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/2\/196"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,4]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s16020196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16020196","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,4]]}}}