{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T08:41:30Z","timestamp":1761986490296,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]],"date-time":"2015-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Onboard image processing systems for a hyperspectral sensor have been developed in order to maximize image data transmission efficiency for large volume and high speed data downlink capacity. Since more than 100 channels are required for hyperspectral sensors on Earth observation satellites, fast and small-footprint lossless image compression capability is essential for reducing the size and weight of a sensor system. A fast lossless image compression algorithm has been developed, and is implemented in the onboard correction circuitry of sensitivity and linearity of Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) sensors in order to maximize the compression ratio. The employed image compression method is based on Fast, Efficient, Lossless Image compression System (FELICS), which is a hierarchical predictive coding method with resolution scaling. To improve FELICS\u2019s performance of image decorrelation and entropy coding, we apply a two-dimensional interpolation prediction and adaptive Golomb-Rice coding. It supports progressive decompression using resolution scaling while still maintaining superior performance measured as speed and complexity. Coding efficiency and compression speed enlarge the effective capacity of signal transmission channels, which lead to reducing onboard hardware by multiplexing sensor signals into a reduced number of compression circuits. The circuitry is embedded into the data formatter of the sensor system without adding size, weight, power consumption, and fabrication cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s151024926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,28]],"date-time":"2015-09-28T03:02:55Z","timestamp":1443409375000},"page":"24926-24944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Onboard Image Processing System for Hyperspectral Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Hihara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NEC Space Technologies, Ltd., 1-10, Nisshin-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8551, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan"}]},{"given":"Kotaro","family":"Moritani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEC Space Technologies, Ltd., 1-10, Nisshin-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8551, Japan"}]},{"given":"Masao","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEC Space Technologies, Ltd., 1-10, Nisshin-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8551, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Hoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEC Space Technologies, Ltd., 1-10, Nisshin-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8551, Japan"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Takada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratory, NEC Corporation, 1753, Shimonumabe, Nakahara-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8666, Japan"}]},{"given":"Hitomi","family":"Inada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Systems Division, NEC Corporation, 1-10, Nisshin-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8551, Japan"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA),  3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan"}]},{"given":"Taeko","family":"Seki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Research and Development Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Ichikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Research and Development Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Tanii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Space Systems, 3-5-8 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chanussot, J., Prasad, S., and Bruce, L.M. (2011). Optical Remote Sensing, Advances in Signal Processing and Exploitation Techniques, Springer. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hihara, H., Yoshida, J., Takada, J., Senda, Y., Susuki, M., Seki, T., Ichikawa, S., and Ohgi, N. (2010). Fast Compression Implementation for Hyperspectral Sensor. Proc. SPIE, 7857.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.869521"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nambu, T., Takada, J., Kawashima, T., Hihara, H., Inada, H., Suzuki, M., Seki, T., and Ichikawa, S. (2012). Development of Onboard Fast Lossless Compressors for Multi and Hyperspectral Sensors. Proc. SPIE, 8527.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.979823"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanii, J., Ito, Y., and Iwasaki, A. (2014, January 13\u201318). Instrument development status and performances of hyperspectral imager suite (HISUI)\u2014Onboard data correction. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on IGARSS, Quebec, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2014.6946856"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanii, J., Iwasaki, A., Inada, H., and Ito, Y. (2013, January 21\u201326). The flight model designed and performances of Hyperspectral Imager Suite (HISUI). Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australian.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2013.6723298"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keymeulen, D., Aranki, N., Hopson, B., Keily, A., Klimesh, M., and Benkrid, K. (2012, January 3\u201310). GPU Lossless Hyperspectral Data Compression System for Space Applications. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2012.6187255"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1109\/36.469492","article-title":"Spectral and Spatial Decorrelation of Landsat-TM Data for Lossless Compression","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1109\/36.700991","article-title":"Overview of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)","volume":"36","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1109\/83.535842","article-title":"An image multiresolution representation for lossless and lossy compression","volume":"5","author":"Said","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Takada, J., Senda, S., Hihara, H., Hamai, M., Oshima, T., Hagino, S., Suzuki, M., and Ichikawa, S. (2007, January 23\u201328). A fast progressive lossless image compression method for space and satellite images. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Barcelona, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Hihara, H., Takada, J., Senda, S., Nambu, T., Shimada, T., Suzuki, M., Imamura, T., and Ichikawa, S. (2008, January 26\u201327). Fast Progressive Lossless Onboard Image Compressor for Planetary Science and Earth Observation. Proceedings of the ESA\/ESTEC On-Board Payload Data Compression Workshop\u2014OBPDC 2008, Noordwijk, the Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"ITU-T, and ISO\/IEC (2000). ITU-T Recommendation T.800 and ISO\/IEC International Standard 15444\u20131, International Organization for Standardization\/ International Electrotechnical Commission."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Howard, P.G., and Vitter, J.S. (1994). Fast progressive lossless image compression. Proc. SPIE, 2186."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Suzuki, M., Imamura, T., Ueno, M., Yamada, M., Takada, J., and Hiroki, H. (2011, January 5\u201312). Planet-C\/Akatsuki onboard Digital Electronics and its Data Compression Performance. Proceedings of the 28th ISTS, Okinawa, Japan."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hihara, H., Iwase, K., Sano, J., Otake, H., Okada, T., Funase, R., Kashikawa, R., Higashino, I., and Masuda, T. (2014). SpaceWire-based thermal-infrared imager system for asteroid sample return mission HAYABUSA2. J. Appl. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.8.084987"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Hihara, H., Moritani, K., Masuda, T., Funase, R., Otake, H., and Okada, T. (2013, January 10\u201314). Intelligent Navigation System with SpaceWire for Asteroid Sample Return Mission HAYABUSA2. Proceedings of the International SpaceWire Conference 2013, Gothenburg, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otake, H., Okada, T., Funase, R., Hihara, H., Sano, J., Iwase, K., Kashikawa, R., Higashino, I., and Masuda, T. (2013). The SpaceWire-based thermal infrared imager system for asteroid sample return mission HAYABUSA2. Proc. SPIE, 8867.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2023951"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1966.1053907","article-title":"Run-length encodings","volume":"IT-12","author":"Golomb","year":"1966","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Rice, R.F. (1979). Some Practical Universal Noiseless Coding Techniques, JPL Publication."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"The Official Web Site of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems. Available online: http:\/\/public.ccsds.org\/default.aspx."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"NASA\/JPL-Caltech, Available online: http:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Kakadu Software, Version: 5.2.5. Available online: http:\/\/www.kakadusoftware.com\/."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"HP Labs, DLL Version: 1.0Beta. Available online: http:\/\/www.hpl.hp.com\/loco\/."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Managing Gigabytes, Version: 1.2.1. Available online: http:\/\/www.cs.mu.oz.au\/mg\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Japan Space Systems. Available online: http:\/\/www.jspacesystems.or.jp\/en_\/."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Springer, P.C., and Morawiec, A. (2008). \u201cAll-in-C\u201d Behavioral SoC Synthesis and Verification with CyberWorkBench, Springer."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1109\/43.898829","article-title":"C-based SoC Design Flow and EDA Tools: An ASIC and system vendor perspective","volume":"19","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Tran. CAD"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/10\/24926\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:49:17Z","timestamp":1760215757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/10\/24926"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s151024926"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s151024926","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]]}}}